Method for controlling gene expression in a cell

ABSTRACT

The invention relates to an insect steroid receptor protein which is capable of acting as a gene switch which is responsive to a chemical inducer enabling external control of the gene.

[0001] The present invention relates to the identification and characterisation of insect steroid receptors from the Lepidoptera species Heliothis virescens, and the nucleic acid encoding therefor. The present invention also relates to the use of such receptors, and such nucleic acid, particularly, but not exclusively, in screening methods, and gene switches. By gene switch we mean a gene sequence which is responsive to an applied exogenous chemical inducer enabling external control of expression of the gene controlled by said gene sequence.

[0002] Lipophilic hormones such as steroids induce changes in gene expression to elicit profound effects on growth, cellular differentiation, and homeostasis. These hormones recognise intracellular receptors that share a common modular structure consisting of three main functional domains: a variable amino terminal region that contains a transactivation domain, a DNA binding domain, and a ligand binding domain on the carboxyl side of the molecule. The DNA binding domain contains nine invariant cysteines, eight of which are involved in zinc coordination to form a two-finger structure. In the nucleus the hormone-receptor complex binds to specific enhancer-like sequences called hormone response elements (HREs) to modulate transcription of target genes.

[0003] The field of insect steroid research has undergone a revolution in the last three years as a result of the cloning and preliminary characterisation of the first steroid receptor member genes. These developments suggest the time is ripe to try to use this knowledge to improve our tools in the constant fight against insect pests. Most of the research carried out on the molecular biology of the steroid receptor superfamily has been on Drosophila melanogaster (Diptera), see for example. International Patent Publication No WO91/13167, with some in Manduca and Galleria (Lepidoptera).

[0004] It has been three decades since 20-hydroxyecdysone was first isolated and shown to be involved in the regulation of development of insects. Since then work has been carried out to try to understand the pathway by which this small hydrophobic molecule regulates a number of activities. By the early 1970s, through the studies of Clever and Ashburner, it was clear that at least in the salivary glands of third instar Drosophila larvae, the application of ecdysone lead to the reproducible activation of over a hundred genes. The ecdysone receptor in this pathway is involved in the regulation of two classes of genes: a small class (early genes) which are induced by the ecdysone receptor and a large class (late genes) which are repressed by the ecdysone receptor. The early class of genes are thought to have two functions reciprocal to those of the ecdysone receptor, the repression of the early transcripts and the induction of late gene transcription. Members of the early genes so far isolated and characterised belong to the class of molecules with characteristics similar to known transcription factors. They are thus predicted to behave as expected by the model of ecdysone action (Ashburner, 1991). More recently, the early genes E74 and E75 have been shown to bind both types of ecdysone inducible genes (Thummel et al., 1990; Segraves and Hogness, 1991), thus supporting their proposed dual activities. It should be noted however, that the activation of a hierarchy of genes is not limited to third instar larvae salivary glands, but that the response to the ecdysone peak at the end of larval life is observed in many other tissues, such as the imaginal disks (i.e. those tissues which metamorphose to adult structures) and other larval tissues which histolyse at the end of larval life (eg. larval fat body). The model for ecdysone action as deduced by studying the third instar chromosome puffing may not apply to the activation of ecdysone regulated genes in adults. In other words, the requirement for other factors in addition to the active ecdysone receptor must be satisfied for correct developmental expression (e.g. the Drosophila yolk protein gene expression in adults is under control of doublesex, the last gene in the sex determination gene hierarchy).

[0005] The ecdysone receptor and the early gene E75 belong to the steroid receptor superfamily. Other Drosophila genes, including ultraspiracle, tailless, sevenup and FIZ-FI, also belong to this family. However, of all these genes only the ecdysone receptor is known to have a ligand, and thus the others are known as orphan receptors. Interestingly, despite the ultraspiracle protein ligand binding region sharing 49% identity with the vertebrate retinoic X receptor (RXR) ligand binding region (Oro et al., 1990), they do not share the same ligand (i.e. the RXR ligand is 9-cis retinoic acid) (Heymann et al., 1992 and Mangelsdorf et al., 1992). All the Drosophila genes mentioned are involved in development, ultraspiracle for example, is required for embryonic and larval abdominal development. The protein products of these genes all fit the main features of the steroid receptor superfamily (Evans, 1988; Green and Chambon, 1988, Beato, 1989) i.e. they have a variable N terminus region involved in ligand independent transactivation (Domains A and B), a highly conserved 66-68 amino acid region which is responsible for the binding of DNA at specific sites (Domain C), a hinge region thought to contain a nuclear translocation signal (Domain D), and a well conserved region containing the ligand binding region, transactivation sequences and the dimerisation phase (Domain E). The last region, domain F, is also very variable and its function is unknown.

[0006] Steroid receptor action has been elucidated in considerable detail in vertebrate systems at both the cellular and molecular levels. In the absence of ligand, the receptor molecule resides in the cytoplasm where it is bound by Hsp90, Hsp70, and p59 to form the inactive complex (Evans, 1988). Upon binding of the ligand molecule by the receptor a conformational change takes place which releases the Hsp90, Hsp70 and p59 molecules, while exposing the nuclear translocation signals in the receptor. The ligand dependent conformational change is seen in the ligand binding domain of both progesterone and retinoic acid receptors (Allan et al., 1992a). This conformational change has been further characterised in the progesterone receptor and was found to be indispensable for gene transactivation (Allan et al., 1992b). Once inside the nucleus the receptor dimer binds to the receptor responsive element at a specific site on the DNA resulting in the activation or repression of a target gene. The receptor responsive elements usually consist of degenerate direct repeats, with a spacer between 1 and 5 nucleotides, which are bound by a receptor dimer through the DNA binding region (Domain C).

[0007] Whereas some steroid hormone receptors are active as homodimers others act as heterodimers. For example, in vertebrates, the retinoic acid receptor (RAR) forms heterodimers with the retinoic X receptor (RXR). RXR can also form heterodimers with the thyroid receptor, vitamin D receptor (Yu et al., 1991; Leid et al., 1992) and peroxisome activator receptor (Kliewer et al., 1992). Functionally the main difference between homodimers and heterodimers is increased specificity of binding to specific response elements. This indicates that different pathways can be linked, coordinated and modulated, and more importantly this observation begins to explain the molecular basis of the pleotropic activity of retinoic acid in vertebrate development (Leid et al., 1992b). Similarly, the Drosophila ultraspiracle gene product was recently shown to be capable of forming heterodimers with retinoic acid, thyroid, vitamin D and peroxisome activator receptors and to stimulate the binding of these receptors to their target responsive elements (Yao et al., 1993). More significantly, the ultraspiracle gene product has also been shown to form heterodimers with the ecdysone receptor, resulting in cooperative binding to the ecdysone response element and capable of rendering mammalian cells ecdysone responsive (Yao et al., 1992). The latter is of importance since transactivation of the ecdysone gene alone in mammalian cells fails to elicit an ecdysone response (Koelle et al., 1991), therefore suggesting that the ultraspiracle gene product is an integral component of a functional ecdysone receptor (Yao et al., 1992). It is possible that the ultraspiracle product competes with other steroid receptors or factors to form heterodimers with the ecdysone receptor. Moreover it remains to be investigated if ultraspiracle is expressed in all tissues of the Drosophila larvae. Despite ultraspiracle being necessary to produce a functional ecdysone receptor, the mechanism by which this activation takes place is as yet undetermined.

[0008] We have now isolated and characterised the ecdysone steroid receptor from Heliothis virescens (hereinafter HEcR). We have found that surprisingly unlike the Drosophila ecdysone steroid receptor (hereinafter DEcR), in reports to-date, HEcR can be induced by known non-steroidal inducers. It will be appreciated that this provides many advantages for the system.

[0009] Steroids are difficult and expensive to make. In addition, the use of a non-steroid as the inducer allows the system to be used in agrochemical and pharmaceutical applications, not least because it avoids application of a steroid which is already present in insects and/or mammals. For example, it would not be feasible to use a gene switch in a mammalian cell which was induced by a naturally occurring steroidal inducer. It will also be appreciated that for environmental reasons it is advantageous to avoid the use of steroids as inducers.

[0010] According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 2, wherein Seq ID No 2 gives the sequence for the HEcR.

[0011] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 2, which encodes for the HEcR ligand binding domain.

[0012] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 2, which encodes for the HEcR DNA binding domain.

[0013] According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 2, which encodes for the HEcR transactivation domain.

[0014] According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 2, which encodes for the HEcR hinge domain.

[0015] According to a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 2, which encodes for the HEcR carboxy terminal region.

[0016] According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 3, wherein Seq ID No 3 gives the sequence for the HEcR.

[0017] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 3, which encodes for the HEcR ligand binding domain.

[0018] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 3, which encodes for the HEcR DNA binding domain.

[0019] According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 3, which encodes for the HEcR transactivation domain.

[0020] According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 3, which encodes for the HEcR hinge domain.

[0021] According to a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 3, which encodes for the HEcR carboxy terminal region.

[0022] According to one aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4, wherein Seq ID No 4 gives the sequence for the HEcR.

[0023] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4, which encodes for the HEcR ligand binding domain.

[0024] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4, which encodes for the HEcR DNA binding domain.

[0025] According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4, which encodes for the HEcR transactivation domain.

[0026] According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4, which encodes for the HEcR hinge domain.

[0027] According to a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4, which encodes for the HEcR carboxy terminal region.

[0028] As mentioned above, steroid receptors are eukaryotic transcriptional regulatory factors which, in response to the binding of the steroid hormone, are believed to bind to specific DNA elements and activate transcription. The steroid receptor can be divided into six regions, designated A to F, using alignment techniques based on shared homology with other members of the steroid hormone receptor superfamily. Krust et al identified two main regions in the receptor, C and E. Region C is hydrophilic and is unusual in its high content in cysteine, lysine and arginine. It corresponds to a DNA-binding domain, sometimes referred to as the “zinc finger”. It is the DNA binding domain which binds to the upstream DNA of the responsive gene. Such upstream DNA is known as the hormone response element or HRE for short. Region E is hydrophobic and is identified as the hormone (or ligand) binding domain. Region E can be further subdivided into regions E1, E2 and E3.

[0029] The region D, which separates domains C and E is highly hydrophobic and is flexible. It is believe that communication between domains E and C involves direct contact between them through region D, which provides a hinge between the two domains. Region D is therefore referred to as the hinge domain.

[0030] The mechanism of the receptor appears to require it to interact with some element(s) of the transcription machinery over and above its interactions with the hormone and the hormone response element N-terminal regions A and B perform such a function and are jointly known as the transactivation domain. The carboxy terminal region is designated F.

[0031] The domain boundaries of the HEcR can be defined as follows: INTERVALS DOMAIN base pairs amino acids Transactivating (A/B) 114-600  1-162 DNA Binding (C) 601-798 163-228 Hinge (D)  799-1091 229-326 Ligand Binding (E) 1092-1757 327-545 C-Terminal End (F) 1758-1844 546-577

[0032] The DNA binding domain is very well defined and is 66 amino acids long, thus providing good boundaries. The above intervals have been defined using the multiple alignment for the ecdysone receptors (FIG. 5).

[0033] The present invention also includes DNA which shows homology to the sequences of the present invention. Typically homology is shown when 60% or more of the nucletides are common, more typically 65%, preferably 70%, more preferably 75%, even more preferably 80% or 85%, especially preferred are 90%, 95%, 98% or 99% or more homology.

[0034] The present invention also includes DNA which hybridises to the DNA of the present invention and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor transactivation domain, DNA binding domain, hinge domain, ligand binding domain and/or carboxy terminal region. Preferably such hybridisation occurs at, or between, low and high stringency conditions. In general terms, low stringency conditions can be defined as 3×SCC at about ambient temperature to about 65° C., and high stringency conditions as 0.1×SSC at about 65° C. SSC is the name of a buffer of 0.15M NaCl, 0.015M trisodium citrate. 3×SSC is three time as strong as SSC and so on.

[0035] The present invention further includes DNA which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code to the DNA of the present invention and which codes for a polypeptide which is at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor transactivation domain, DNA binding domain, hinge domain, ligand binding domain and/or carboxy terminal region.

[0036] The DNA of the present invention may be cDNA or DNA which is in an isolated form.

[0037] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a polypeptide comprising the Hetiothis ecdysone receptor or a fragment thereof, wherein said polypeptide is substantially free from other proteins with which it is ordinarily associated, and which is coded for by any of the DNA of the present invention.

[0038] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a polypeptide which has the amino acid sequence of Seq ID No. 4 or any allelic variant or derivative thereof, wherein Seq ID No. 4 gives the amino acid sequence of the HEcR polypeptide.

[0039] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a polypeptide which has part of the amino acid sequence of Seq ID No. 4 or any allelic variant or derivative thereof, which sequence provides the HEcR ligand binding domain.

[0040] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a polypeptide which has part of the amino acid sequence of Seq ID No. 4 or any allelic variant or derivative thereof, which sequence provides the HEcR DNA binding domain.

[0041] According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided a polypeptide which has part of the amino acid sequence of Seq ID No. 4 or any allelic variant or derivative thereof, which sequence provides the HEcR transactivation domain.

[0042] According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a polypeptide which has the amino acid sequence of a part of Seq ID No. 4 or any allelic variant or derivative thereof, which sequence provides the HEcR hinge domain.

[0043] According to a still further aspect of the present invention there is provided a polypeptide which has the amino acid sequence of a part of Seq ID No. 4 or any allelic variant or derivative thereof, which sequence provides the HEcR carboxy terminal region.

[0044] For the avoidance of doubt, spliced variants of the amino acid sequences of the present invention are included in the present invention.

[0045] Preferably, said derivative is a homologous variant which has conservative amino acid changes. By conservation amino acid changes we mean replacing an amino acid from one of the amino acid groups, namely hydrophobic, polar, acidic or basic, with an amino acid from within the same group. An examples of such a change is the replacement of valine by methionine and vice versa According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a fusion polypeptide comprising at least one of the polypeptides of the present invention functionally linked to an appropriate non-Heliothis ecdysone receptor domain(s).

[0046] According to an especially preferred embodiment of the present invention the HEcR ligand binding domain of the present invention is fused to a DNA binding domain and a transactivation domain.

[0047] According to another embodiment of the present invention the DNA binding domain is fused to a ligand binding domain and a transactivation domain.

[0048] According to yet another embodiment of the present invention the transactivation domain is fused to a ligand binding domain and a DNA binding domain.

[0049] The present invention also provides recombinant DNA encoding for these fused polypeptides.

[0050] According to an especially preferred embodiment of the present invention there is provided recombinant nucleic acid comprising a DNA sequence encoding the HEcR ligand binding domain functionally linked to DNA encoding the DNA binding domain and transactivation domain from a glucocorticoid receptor.

[0051] According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided recombinant nucleic acid comprising a DNA sequence comprising a reporter gene operably linked to a promoter sequence and a hormone response element which hormone response element is responsive to the DNA bonding domain encoded by the DNA of of the present invention.

[0052] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a construct transformed with nucleic acid, recombinant DNA, a polypeptide or a fusion polypeptide of the present invention. Such constructs include plasmids and phages suitable for transforming a cell of interest. Such constructs will be well known to those skilled in the art.

[0053] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a cell transformed with nucleic acid, recombinant DNA, a polypeptide, or a fusion polypeptide of the present invention.

[0054] Preferably the cell is a plant, fungus or mammalian cell.

[0055] For the avoidance of doubt fungus includes yeast.

[0056] The present invention therefore provides a gene switch which is operably linked to a foreign gene or a series of foreign genes whereby expression of said foreign gene or said series of foreign genes may be controlled by application of an effective exogenous inducer.

[0057] Analogs of ecdysone, such as Muristerone A, are found in plants and disrupt the development of insects. It is therefore proposed that the receptor of the present invention can be used be in plants transformed therewith as an insect control mechanism. The production of the insect-damaging product being controlled by an exogenous inducer. The insect-damagin g product can be ecdysone or another suitable protein.

[0058] The first non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonists, dibenzoyl hydrazines, typified by RH-5849 [1,2-dibenzoyl, 1-tert-butyl hydrazide], which is commercially available as an insecticide from Rohm and Haas, were described back in 1988. Another commercially available compound in this series is RH-5992 [tebufenozide, 3,5-dimethylbenzoic acid 1-1 (1,1-dimethylethyl)-2(4-ethylbenzoyl) hydrazide]. These compounds mimic 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) in both Manduca sexta and Drosophila metanogaster. These compounds have the advantage that they have the potential to control insects using ecdysteroid agonists which are non-steroidal. Further Examples of such dibenzoyl hydrazines are given in U.S. Pat. No. 5,117,057 to Rohm and Haas, and Oikawa et al, Pestic Sci, 41, 139-148 (1994). However, it will be appreciated that any inducer of the gene switch of the present invention, whether steroidal or non-steroidal, and which is currently or becomes available, may be used

[0059] The gene switch of the present invention, then, when linked to an exogenous or foreign gene and introduced into a plant by transformation, provides a means for the external regulation of expression of that foreign gene. The method employed for transformation of the plant cells is not especially germane to this invention and any method suitable for the target plant may be employed. Transgenic plants are obtained by regeneration from the transformed cells. Numerous transformation procedures are known from the literature such as agroinfection using Agrobacterium tumefaciens or its Ti plasmid, electroporation, microinjection or plants cells and protoplasts, microprojectile transformation, to mention but a few. Reference may be made to the literature for full details of the known methods.

[0060] Neither is the plant species into which the chemically inducible sequence is inserted particularly germane to the invention. Dicotyledonous and monocotyledonous plants can be transformed. This invention may be applied to any plant for which transformation techniques are, or become, available. The present invention can therefore be used to control gene expression in a variety of genetically modified plants, including field crops such as canola, sunflower, tobacco, sugarbeet, and cotton; cereals such as wheat, barley, rice, maize, and sorghum; fruit such as tomatoes, mangoes, peaches, apples, pears, strawberries, bananas and melons; and vegetables such as carrot, lettuce, cabbage and onion. The switch is also suitable for use in a variety of tissues, including roots, leaves, stems and reproductive tissues.

[0061] In a particularly preferred embodiment of the present invention, the gene switch of the present invention is used to control expression of genes which confer resistance herbicide resistance and/or insect tolerance to plants.

[0062] Recent advances in plant biotechnology have resulted in the generation of transgenic plants resistant to herbicide application, and transgenic plants resistant to insects. Herbicide tolerance has been achieved using a range of different transgenic strategies. One well documented example in the herbicide field is the use the bacterial xenobiotic detoxifying gene phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) from Streptomyces hydroscopicus. Mutated genes of plant origin, for example the altered target site gene encoding acetolactate synthase (ALS) from Arabidopsis, have been successfully utilised to generate transgenic plants resistant to herbicide application. The PAT and ALS genes have been expressed under the control of strong constitutive promoter. In the field of insecticides, the most common example to-date is the use of the Bt gene.

[0063] We propose a system where genes conferring herbicide and/or insect tolerance would be expressed in an inducible manner dependent upon application of a specific activating chemical. This approach has a number of benefits for the farmer, including the following:

[0064] 1. Inducible control of herbicide and/or insect tolerance would alleviate any risk of yield penalties associated with high levels of constitutive expression of herbicide and/or insect resistance genes. This may be a particular problem as early stages of growth where high levels of transgene product may directly interfere with normal development. Alternatively high levels of expression of herbicide and/or insect resistance genes may cause a metabolic drain for plant resources.

[0065] 2. The expression of herbicide resistance genes in an inducible manner allows the herbicide in question to be used to control volunteers if the activating chemical is omitted during treatment.

[0066] 3. The use of an inducible promoter to drive herbicide and/or insect resistance genes will reduce the risk of resistance becoming a major problem. If resistance genes were passed onto weed species from related crops, control could still be achieved with the herbicide in the absence of inducing chemical. This would particularly be relevant if the tolerance gene confirmed resistance to a total vegetative control herbicide which would be used (with no inducing chemical) prior to sowing the crop and potentially after the crop has been harvested. For example, it can be envisaged that herbicide resistance cereals, such as wheat, might outcross into the weed wild oats, thus conferring herbicide resistance to this already troublesome weed. A further example is that the inducible expression of herbicide resistance in sugar beet will reduce the risk of wild sugar beet becoming a problem. Similarly, in the field of insect control, insect resistance may well become a problem if the tolerance gene is constitutively expressed. The used of an inducible promoter will allow a greater range of insect resistance control mechanisms to be employed.

[0067] This strategy of inducible expression of herbicide resistance can be achieved with a pre-spray of chemical activator or in the case of slow acting herbicides, for example N-phosphonomethyl-glycine (commonly known as glyphosate), the chemical inducer can be added as a tank mix simultaneously with the herbicide. Similar strategies can be employed for insect control.

[0068] This strategy can be adopted for any resistance confering gene/corresponding herbicide combination, which is, or becomes, available. For example, the gene switch of the present invention can be used with:

[0069] 1. Maize glutathione S-transferase (GST-27) gene (see our International Patent Publication No WO90/08826), which confers resistance to chloroacetanilide herbicides such as acetochlor, metolachlor and alachlor.

[0070] 2. Phosphinotricin acetyl transferase (PAT), which confers resistance to the herbicide commonly known as glufosinate.

[0071] 3. Acetolactate synthase gene mutants from maize (see our International Patent Publication No WO90/14000) and other genes, which confer resistance to sulphonyl urea and imadazolinones.

[0072] 4. Genes which confer resistance to glyphosate. Such genes include the glyphosate oxidoreductase gene (GOX) (see International Patent Publication No. WO92/00377); genes which encode for 5-enolpyruvyl-3-phosphoshikimic acid synthase (EPSPS), including Class I and Class II EPSPS, genes which encode for mutant EPSPS, and genes which encode for EPSPS fusion peptides such as that comprised of a chloroplast transit peptide and EPSPS (see for example EP 218 571, EP 293 358, WO91/04323, WO92/04449 and WO92/06201); and genes which are involved in the expression of CPLyase.

[0073] Similarly, the strategy of inducible expression of insect resistance can be adopted for any tolerance confering gene which is, or becomes, available.

[0074] The gene switch of the present invention can also be used to controlled expression of foreign proteins in yeast and mammalian cells. Many heterologous proteins for many applications are produced by expression in genetically engineered bacteria, yeast cells and other eucaryotic cells such as mammalian cells.

[0075] As well as the obvious advantage in providing control over the expression of foreign genes in such cells, the switch of the present invention provides a further advantage in yeasts and mammalian cells where accumulation of large quantities of an heterologous protein can damage the cells, or where the heterologous protein is damaging such that expression for short periods of time is required in order to maintain the viability of the cells.

[0076] Such an inducible system also has applicability in gene therapy allowing the timing of expression of the therapeutic gene to be controlled. The present invention is therefore not only applicable to transformed mammalian cells but also to mammals per se.

[0077] A further advantage of the inducible system of the present invention in mammalian cells is that, because it is derived from a insect, there is less chance of it being effected by inducers which effect the natural mammalian steroid receptors.

[0078] In another aspect of the present invention the gene switch is used to switch on genes which produce potentially damaging or lethal proteins. Such a system can be employed in the treatment of cancer in which cells are transformed with genes which express proteins which are lethal to the cancer. The timing of the action of such proteins on the cancer cells can be controlled using the switch of the present invention.

[0079] The gene switch of the present invention can also be used to switch genes off as well as on. This is useful in disease models. In such a model the cell is allowed to grow before a specific gene(s) is switched off using the present invention. Such a model facilitates the study of the effect of a specific gene(s).

[0080] Again the method for producing such transgenic cells is not particularly germane to the present invention and any method suitable for the target cell may be used; such methods are known in the art, including cell specific transformation.

[0081] As previously mentioned, modulation of gene expression in the system appears in response to the binding of the HEcR to a specific control, or regulatory, DNA element. A schematic representation of the HEcR gene switch is shown in FIG. 6. For ease of reference, the schematic representation only shows three main domains of the HEcR, namely the transactivation domain, DNA binding domain and the ligand binding domain. Binding of a ligand to the ligand binding domain enables the DNA binding domain to bind to the HRE resulting in expression (or indeed repression) of a target gene.

[0082] The gene switch of the present invention can therefore be seen as having two components. The first component comprising the HEcR and a second component comprising an appropriate HRE and the target gene. In practice, the switch may conveniently take the form of one or two sequences of DNA. At least part of the one sequence, or one sequence of the pair, encoding the HEcR protein. Alternatively, the nucleic acid encoding the HEcR can be replaced by the protein/polypeptide itself.

[0083] Not only does the switch of the present invention have two components, but also one or more of the domains of the receptor can be varied producing a chimeric gene switch. The switch of the present invention is very flexible and different combinations can be used in order to vary the result/to optimise the system. The only requirement in such chimeric systems is that the DNA binding domain should bind to the hormone response element in order to produce the desired effect.

[0084] The glucocorticoid steroid receptor is well characterised and has been found to work well in plants. A further advantage of this receptor is that it functions as a homodimer. This means that there is no need to express a second protein such as the ultraspiracle in order to produce a functional receptor. The problem with the glucocorticoid steroid receptor is that ligands used to activate it are not compatible with agronomic practice.

[0085] In a preferred aspect of the present invention the receptor comprises glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding and transactivation domains with a Heliothis ligand binding domain according to the present invention. The response unit preferably comprising the glucocorticoid hormone response element and the desired effect gene. In the Examples, for convenience, this effect gene took the form of a reporter gene. However, in non-test or non-screen situations the gene will be the gene which produces the desired effect, for example produces the desired protein. This protein may be a natural or exogenous protein. It will be appreciated that this chimeric switch combines the best features of the glucocorticoid system, whilst overcoming the disadvantage of only being inducible by a steroid.

[0086] In another preferred embodiment, the Heliothis ligand binding domain is changed, and preferably replaced with a non-Heliothis ecdysone receptor ligand binding domain. For example, we have isolated suitable sequences from Spodoptera exigua.

[0087] Thus, according to another aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 6.

[0088] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 6, which encodes for the Spodoptera ecdysone ligand binding domain.

[0089] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 6, which encodes for the Spodoptera ecdysone hinge domain.

[0090] The present invention also provides the polypeptides coded for by the above DNA sequences of Seq ID No. 6.

[0091] A further advantage with such chimeric systems is that they allow you to choose the promoter which is used to drive the effector gene according to the desired end result. For example, placing the foreign gene under the control of a cell specific promoter can be particularly advantageous in circumstances where you wish to control not only the timing of expression, but also which cells expression occurs in. Such a double control can be particularly important in the areas of gene therapy and the use of cytotoxic proteins.

[0092] Changing the promoter also enables gene expression to be up- or down-regulated as desired.

[0093] Any convenient promoter can be used in the present invention, and many are known in the art.

[0094] Any convenient transactivation domain may also be used. The transactivation domain VP16 is a strong activator from Genentech Inc., and is commonly used when expressing glucocorticoid receptor in plants. Other transactivation domains derived for example from plants or yeast may be employed.

[0095] In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the DNA binding domain is the glucocorticoid DNA binding domain. This domain is commonly a human glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain. However, the domain can be obtained from any other convenient source, for example, rats.

[0096] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of selecting compounds capable of being bound to an insect steroid receptor superfamily member comprising screening compounds for binding to a polypeptide or fusion polypeptide of the present invention, and selecting said compounds exhibiting said binding.

[0097] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided a compound selected using the method of the present invention.

[0098] According to another aspect of the present invention there is provided an agricultural or pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of the present invention.

[0099] According to yet another aspect of the present invention there is provided the use of the compound of the present invention as a pesticide, pharmaceutical and/or inducer of the switch. It will be appreciated that such inducers may well be useful as insecticides in themselves.

[0100] According to a further aspect of the present invention there is provided a method of producing a protein or peptide or polypeptide comprising introducing into a cell of the present invention, a compound which binds to the ligand binding domain in said cell.

[0101] Various preferred features and embodiments of the present invention will now be described by way of non-limiting example with reference to the accompanying examples and figures, in which figures:

[0102]FIG. 1 (Sequence ID No. 1) shows the DNA sequence amplified from first strand cDNA made from mRNA isolated from Heliothis virescens Fourth instar larvae. The underlined sequences refer to the position of the degenerate oligonucleotides. At the 5′ end the sequence matches that of the oligonucleotide while at the 3′ end 12 nucleotides of the original oligonucleotide are observed;

[0103]FIG. 2 (Sequence ID No. 2) shows the DNA sequence contained within the clone pSK19R isolated from a random primed cDNA Heliothis virescens library; Sequence is flanked by EcoRI sites;

[0104]FIG. 3 (Sequence ID No. 3) shows the DNA sequence contained within the clone pSK16.1 isolated from a random primed cDNA Heliothis virescens library;

[0105]FIG. 4 (Sequence ID No. 4) DNA sequence of 5′RACE products (in bold) fused to sequence of clone pSK16.1. The ORF (open reading frame) giving rise to the Heliothis virescens ecdysone receptor protein sequence is shown under the corresponding DNA sequence;

[0106]FIG. 5 (Sequence ID No. 5) shows the protein sequence alignment of the ecdysone receptors DmEcR (Drosophila melanogaster), CtEcR (Chironomus tentans), BmEcR (Bombyx mori), MsEcR (Manduca sexta), AaEcR (Aedes aegipti) and HvEcR (Heliothis virescens). “*” indicates conserved amino acid residue. “.” indicates a conservative amino acid exchange;

[0107]FIG. 6 shows a model of an embodiment of the glucocorticoid/Heliothis ecdysone chimeric receptor useable as a gene switch;

[0108]FIG. 7 shows a plasmid map of the clone pcDNA319R. The three other mammalian expression vectors were constructed in the same way and look similar but for the size of the insert;

[0109]FIG. 8 shows a plasmid map of the reporter construct used to analyse the activity of the Heliothis virescens ecdysone receptor;

[0110]FIG. 9 is a graph which shows the effect of Muristerone A and RH5992 in reporter activity in HEK293 cells co-transfected with pcDNA3H3 KHEcR alone (filled bars) or with αRXR (stripped bars);

[0111]FIG. 10 shows a plasmid map of the Maize expression vector containing the Glucocorticoid receptor (HG1 or pMF6HG1PAT);

[0112]FIG. 11 shows a plasmid map of the maize expression vector containing the chimeric glucocorticoid/Drosophila ecdysone receptor pMF6GREcRS;

[0113]FIG. 12 shows a plasmid map of the maize expression vector containing the chimeric glucocorticoid/Heliothis ecdysone receptor pMF6GRHEcR;

[0114]FIG. 13 shows a plasmid map of the plant reporter Plasmid containing the glucocorticoid response elements fused to the −60 S35CaMV promoter fused to GUS, p221.9GRE6;

[0115]FIG. 14 shows a plasmid map of the plant reporter plasmid containing the glucocorticoid response elements fused to the 46 S35CaMV promoter fused to GUS, p221.10GRE6;

[0116]FIG. 15 shows a graph showing the effect of Muristerone A and Dexamethasone in Maize AXB protoplasts transformed with pMF6HG1PAT (GR) and p221.9GRE6 (reporter);

[0117]FIG. 16 shows a graph showing the effect of Muristerone A and Dexamethasone in Maize AXB protoplasts transformed with pMF6GREcRS (effector) and p221.9GRE6 (reporter);

[0118]FIG. 17 shows a graph showing the effect of Muristerone A and Dexamethasone in Maize AXB protoplasts transformed with pMF6GRHEcR (effector) and p221.9GRE6 (reporter);

[0119]FIG. 18 shows a graph showing the effect of RH5849 in Maize AXB protoplasts transformed with pMF6GREcRS (effector) and p221.9GRE6 (reporter);

[0120]FIG. 19 shows a graph showing the effect of RH5992 in Maize AXB protoplasts transformed with pMF6GREcRS (effector) and p221.9GRE6 (reporter);

[0121]FIG. 20 shows a graph showing the effect of RH5992 in Maize AXB protoplasts transformed with pMF6GRHEcR (effector) and p221.9GRE6 (reporter);

[0122]FIG. 21 shows a graph which shows the dose response effect of RH5992 in Maize AXB protoplasts transformed with pMF6GRHEcR (effector) and p221.9GRE6 (reporter);

[0123]FIG. 22 shows a plasmid map of the tobacco expression vector containing the chimeric glucocorticoid/Drosophila ecdysone receptor, pMF7GREcRS;

[0124]FIG. 23 shows a plasmid map of the tobacco expression vector containing the chimeric glucocorticoid/Heliothis ecdysone receptor, pMF7GRHEcR;

[0125]FIG. 24 shows a graph which shows the effect of RH5992 in Tobacco mesophyll protoplasts transformed with pMF6GRHEcR (Effector) and p221.9GRE6 (reporter);

[0126]FIG. 25 shows a plasmid map of the mammalian expression vector containing the chimeric glucocorticoid/Heliothis ecdysone receptor, pcDNA3GRHEcR;

[0127]FIG. 26 shows a plasmid map of the reporter plasmid pSWGRE4;

[0128]FIG. 27 shows a graph which shows a RH5992 dose response curve of CHO cells transfected with pcDNA3GRHEcR and pSWGRE4;

[0129]FIG. 28 shows a graph which shows the effect of Muristerone A and RH5992 on HEK293 cells co-transfected with pcDNA3GRHEcR and pSWGRE4;

[0130]FIG. 29 shows a plasmid map of the binary vector ES 1;

[0131]FIG. 30 shows a plasmid map of the binary vector ES2;

[0132]FIG. 31 shows a plasmid map of the binary vector ES3;

[0133]FIG. 32 shows a plasmid map of the binary vector ES4;

[0134]FIG. 33 shows a plasmid map of the effector construct TEV-B 112 made to express the HEcR ligand binding domain in yeast;

[0135]FIG. 34 shows a plasmid map of the effector construct TEV8 made to express the HEcR ligand binding domain in yeast;

[0136]FIG. 35 shows a plasmid map of the effector construct TEVVP16-3 made to express the HEcR ligand binding domain in yeast;

[0137]FIG. 36 shows a plasmid map of the mammalian expression vector containing the chimeric glucocorticoid VP16/Heliothis ecdsysone receptor, pcDNA3GRVP16HEcR;

[0138]FIG. 37 shows a plasmid map of the maize expression vector containing the chimeric glucocorticoid VP16/Heliothis ecdsysone receptor, pMF6GRVP16HEcR;

[0139]FIG. 38 shows a plasmid map of the maize expression vector containing the chimeric glucocorticoid VP16/Heliothis ecdsysone receptor, pMF7GRVP16HEcR;

[0140]FIG. 39 shows a graph which shows the effect of RH5992 in Maize AXB protoplasts transformed with pMF6GRVP16HEcR (effector) and p221.9GRE6 (reporter);

[0141]FIG. 40 (Sequence ID No. 6) shows the DNA sequence of the hinge and ligand binding domains of the Spodoptera exigua ecdysone receptor,

[0142]FIG. 41 (Sequence ID No. 7) shows the protein sequence alignment of the Heliothis 19R and Spodoptera SECR Taq clone hinge and ligand binding domains. “*” indicates conserved amino acid residue. “.” indicates a conservative amino acid exchange;

[0143]FIG. 42 shows a graph which shows the effect of RH5992 on Tobacco mesophyll protoplasts transformed with pMF7GRHEcR (effector) and either p221.9GRE6 (Horizontal strips) or p221.10GRE6 (vertical strips).

EXAMPLE 1 Cloning of the Heliothis Ecdysone Receptor

[0144] A. Probe Generation

[0145] The rational behind the generation of the probe to isolate Heliothis homologues to the steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members was based on comparing the sequences of developmentally regulated steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members. The sequences available showed a highly conserved motif within the DNA binding domain of the RAR and THR (thyroid) receptors. The motifs were used to design degenerate oligonucleotides for PCR amplification of sequences derived from cDNA template produced from tissue expected to express developmentally regulated steroid/thyroid receptor superfamily members (ie. larval tissues).

[0146] The sense oligonucleotide is based on the peptide sequence CEGCKGFF which at the DNA level yields an oligonucletide with degeneracy of 32 as shown below: ZnFA5′ 5′ TGC GAG GGI TGC AAG GAI TTC TT 3′      T   A       T   A       T

[0147] The antisense oligonucleotide is based on the reverse complement nucleotide sequence derived from the peptide: CQECRLKK   S  R

[0148] for which four sets of degenerate oligos were made. Namely: ZnFA3′ 5′ TTC TTI AGI CGG CAC TCT TGG CA 3′      T           A   T   C   A ZnFB3′ 5′ TTC TTI AAI CGG CAC TCT TGG CA 3′      T           A   T   C   A ZnFC3′ 5′ TTC TTI AGI CTG CAC TCT TGG CA 3′      T           A   T   C   A ZnFD3′ 5′ TTC TTI AAI CTG CAC TCT TGG CA 3′      T           A   T   C   A

[0149] The PCR amplification was carried out using a randomly primed cDNA library made from mRNA isolated from 4th and 5th instar Heliothis virescens larvae. The amplification was performed using 10⁸ pfus (plaque forming units) in 50 mM KCl. 20 mM Tris HCl pH 8.4, 15 mM MgCl2, 200 mM dNTPs (an equimolar mixture of dCTP, DATP, dGTP and dTTP), 100 ng of ZnFA5′ and ZnF3′ mixture. The conditions used in the reaction followed the hot start protocol whereby the reaction mixture was heated to 94° C. for 5 minutes after which 1 U of Taq polymerase was added and the reaction allowed to continue for 35 cycles of 93° C. for 50 seconds, 40° C. for 1 minute and 73° C. for 1 minute 30 seconds. The PCR products were fractionated on a 2%(w/v) agarose gel and the fragment migrating between 100 and 200 bp markers was isolated and subcloned into the vector pCR11 (Invitrogen). The sequence of the insert was determined using Sequenase (USB).

[0150] The resulting sequence was translated and a database search carried out. The search recovered sequences matching to the DNA binding domain of the Drosophila ecdysone receptor, retinoic acid receptor and the thyroid receptor. Thus, the sequence of the insert in this plasmid, designated pCRIIZnf, is a Heliothis ecdysone cognate sequence (FIG. 1) and was used to screen a cDNA library in other to isolate the complete open reading frame.

[0151] B. Library Screening

[0152] The randomly primed cDNA 4th/5th Instar Heliothis virescens library was plated and replicate filter made from the plates. The number of plaques plated was 500,000. The insert fragment of pCRIIZnf was reamplified and 50 ng were end labelled using T4 Polynucleotide Kinase (as described in Sambrook et al 1990).

[0153] The filter were prehybridised using 0.25% (w/v) Marvel, 5×SSPE and 0.1% (w/v) SDS at 42° C. for 4 hours. The solution in the filters was ten replaced with fresh solution and the denatured probe added. The hybridisation was carried out overnight at 42° C. after which the filter were washed in 6×SSC+0.1% (w/v) SDS at 42° C. followed by another wash at 55° C. The filter were exposed to X-ray film (Kodak) for 48 hours before processing.

[0154] The developed film indicated the presence of one strong positive signal which was plaque purified and further characterised. The lambda ZAP II phage was in vivo excised (see Stratagene Manual) and the sequence determined of the resulting plasmid DNA. The clone known as pSK19R (or 19R) contained a 1.933 kb cDNA fragment with an open reading frame of 467 amino acids (FIG. 2). pSK19R was deposited with the NCIMB on Jun. 20, 1995 and has been accorded the deposit No NCIMB 40743.

[0155] Further analysis of pSK19R revealed that a 340 bp EcoRI fragment mapping at the 5′ end of pSK19R has strong and significant similarities to a Drosophila cDNA encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In order to isolate the correct 5′end sequence belonging to Heliothis, the random primed library was re-screened using a probe containing the 5′end of the pSK19R belonging to Heliothis ecdysone receptor. The probe was made by PCR using the sense oligonucleotide HEcRH3C (5′ aattaagcttccaccatgccgttaccaatgccaccgaca 3′) and antisense oligonucleotide HEcRNdeI (5′ cttcaaccgacactcctgac 3′). The PCR was carried out as described by Hirst et al., 1992) where the amount of radioisotope used in the labelling was 50 uCi of a ³²P-dCTP and the PCR was cycled for 1 minute at 94° C., 1 minute at 60° C. and 1 minute at 72° C. for 19 cycles. The resulting 353 bp radio labelled DNA fragment was denatured and added to prehybridised filters as described for the isolation of pSK19R. The library filters were made from 15 plates each containing 50000 pfus. The library filters were hybridised at 65° C. and washed in 3×SSPE+0.1% SDS at 65° C. twice for 30 minutes each. The filters were further washed with 1×SSPE+0.1% SDS for 30 minutes and exposed to X-ray film (Kodak) overnight. The film was developed and 16 putative positive plaques were picked. The plaques were re-plated and hybridised under the exact same conditions as the primary screen resulting in only one strong positive. The strong positive was consistently recognised by the probe and was plaque purified and in vivo excised. The resulting plasmid pSK16.1 was sequenced (Seq 1D3) which revealed that the 5′ end of the clone extended by 205 bp and at the 3′ end by 653 bp and resulting in a DNA insert of 2.5 kb. Conceptual translation of the 205 bp yielded 73 amino acids with high similarity to the Drosophila, Aedes aegipti, Manduca and Bombyx sequences of the ecdsysone receptor B 1 isoform. However, the whole of the 5′ end sequence is not complete since a Methionine start site was not found with a stop codon in frame 5′ of the methionine. In order to isolate the remainder of the 5′ end coding sequences a 5′RACE protocol (Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends) was carried out using the BRL-GIBCO 5′RACE Kit Two types of cDNA were synthesised where the first one used a specific oligonucleotide:

[0156] 16PCR2A 5′ cagctccaggccgccgatctcg3′

[0157] and the second type used random hexamers (oligonucleotide containing 6 random nucleotides). Each cDNA was PCR amplified using the oligonucleotides anchor primer:

[0158] BRL-GIBCO 5′ cuacuacuacuaggccacgcgtcgactagtacgggiigggiigggiig 3′

[0159] and 16PCR2A and cycled for 1 minute at 94° C., 1 minute at 60° C. and 1 minute at 72° C. for 35 cycles. The reaction conditions were 20 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.4), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 400 nM of each anchor and 16PCR2A primers, 200 mM dNTPs (dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) and 0.02 U/ml Taq DNA polymerase. Dilutions of 1:50 of the first PCR reactions were made and 1 ml was use in a second PCR with oligonucleotides UAP:

[0160] (Universal Amplification Primer 5′ caucaucaucauggccacgcgtcgactagtac 3′) and 16RACE2:

[0161] (5′ acgtcacctcagacgagctctccattc 3′).

[0162] The conditions and cycling were the same as those followed for the first PCR. Samples of each PCR were run and a Southern blot carried out which was probed with a 5′ specific primer:

[0163] (16PCR1 5′ cgctggtataacaacggaccattc 3′).

[0164] This primer is specific for the 5′ most sequence of pSK16.1 and was hybridised at 55° C. using the standard hybridisation buffer. The filter was washed at 55° C. 3 times in 3×SSPE+0.1% SDS and exposed to X-ray film for up to 6 hours. The developed film revealed bands recognised by the oligonucleotide migrating at 100 bp and 500 bp (relative to the markers). A sample of the PCR reaction (4 in total) was cloned into the pCRII vector in the TA cloning kit (Invitrogen). Analysis of 15 clones from 4 independent PCRs yielded sequence upsteam of pSK16.1 (FIG. 4).

[0165] Translation of the ORF results in a 575 amino acid protein with high similarity in the DNA and ligand binding domains when compared to the ecdysone receptor sequences of Drosophila, Aedes aegypti, Chironomus tentans, Manduca sexta and Bombyx mori (FIG. 5). Interestingly, the N-terminal end of the Heliothis sequence has an in frame methinonine start which is 20 amino acids longer that that reported for Drosophila, Aedes aegypti and Manduca sexta. However, the extended N-terminal end in the Heliothis EcR does not have similarity to that of Bombyx mori. Finally, the C-terminal end of the different B1 isoform ecdysone receptor sequences diverge and do not have significant similarity.

[0166] C. Northern Blot Analysis

[0167] The sequence identified by screening the library is expected to be expressed in tissues undergoing developmental changes, thus mRNA from different developmental stages of H. virescens were was isolated and a northern blot produced. The mRNAs were isolated from eggs, 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th instar larvae, pupae and adults. The northern blot was hybridised with a NdeI/XhoI DNA fragment from pSK19R encompassing the 3′end of the DNA binding domain through to the end of the ligand binding domain. The hybridisation was carried out in 1%(w/v)Marvel, 5×SSPE, 0.1%(w/v) SDS at 65° C. for 18 to 24 hours. The filters were washed in 3×SSPE+0.1%(w/v) SDS and 1×SSPE+0.1%(w/v) SDS at 65° C. The filter was blotted dry and exposed for one to seven days. The gene recognises two transcripts (6.0 and 6.5 kb) which appear to be expressed in all stages examined, however, the levels of expression differ in different stages. It should be noted that the same two transcripts are recognised by probes specific to the DNA binding domain and the ligand binding domain, indicating that the two transcripts arise from the same gene either by alternative splicing or alternative use of polyadenylation sites.

[0168] In summary, adult and 5th instar larvae have lower levels of expression while all other tissues have subtantial levels of expression.

EXAMPLE II Expression of Heliothis Ecdysone Receptor in Mammalian Cells

[0169] To demonstrate that the cDNA encodes a functional ecdysone receptor, effector constructs were generated containing the HEcR under the control of the CMV (cytomegalovirus) promoter, and the DNA expressed in mammalian cells.

[0170] Effector Constructs

[0171] A first mammalian expression plasmid was constructed by placing a HindIII/NotI pSK19R fragment into the pcDNA3 HindIII/NotI vector resulting in pcDNA319R (FIG. 7).

[0172] A second effector plasmid was constructed wherein the non-coding region of the cDNA 19R was deleted and a consensus Kozak sequence introduced. The mutagenesis was carried out by PCR amplifying a DNA fragment with the oligo HEcRH3C:

[0173] 5′aattaagcttccaccatgccgttaccaatgccaccgaca 3′

[0174] containing a unique HindIII restriction enzyme recognition site followed by the mammalian Kozak consensus sequence, and HEcRNdeI:

[0175] 5′cttcaaccgacactcctgac 3′.

[0176] The resulting 353 bp PCR fragment was restriction enzyme digested with HindIII and NdeI, gel purified and ligated with 19R NdeI/NotI fragment into a pcDNA3 HindIII/NotI vector resulting in pcDNA3HEcR.

[0177] A third effector construct was made with the 5′ end sequences of pSK16.1 by PCR. The PCR approach involved PCR amplifying the 5′ end sequences using a 5′ oligonuclotide containing a HindIII restriction cloning site, the Kozak consensus sequence followed by nucleotide sequence encoding for a Methionine start and two Arginines to be added to the 5′ end of the amplified fragment:

[0178] (16H3K 5′ attaagcttgccgccatgcgccgacgctggtataacaacggaccattc 3′),

[0179] the 3′ oligonucleotide used was HecrNdeI. The resulting fragment was restriction enzyme digested, gel purified and subcloned with an NdeI/NotI 19R fragment into pcDNA3 NdeI/NotI vector. The plasmid was named pcDNA3H3KHEcR.

[0180] A fourth effector construct was produced which contains the extended N-terminal end sequence obtained from the 5′RACE experiment. Thus, a PCR approach was followed to introduce the new 5′ end sequences in addition to a consensus Kozak sequence and a HindIII unique cloning sequence. The sense oligonucleotide used was RACEH3K:

[0181] 5′ attaagcttgccgccatgtccctcggcgctcgtggatac 3′,

[0182] while the antisense primer was the same as that used before (HEcRNdeI). The cloning strategy was the same as used for the pcDNA3H3 KHEcR to give rise to pcDNA3RACEH3 KHEcR.

[0183] The PCR mutagenesis reactions were carried out in the same manner for all constructs. The PCR conditions used were 1 minute at 94° C., 1 minute at 60° C. and 1 minute at 72° C. for 15 cycles. The reactions conditions were 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.4), 25 mM KCl, 200 mM dNTPs (dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP), 200 nM of each oligonucleotide and 2.5U/Reaction of Taq DNA polymerase. For each construct at least S independant PCR reactions were carried out and several clones were sequenced to insure that at least one is mutation free.

[0184] Reporter Construct

[0185] The reporter plasmid to be co-transfected with the expression vector contained 4 copies of the Hsp27 ecdysone response element (Riddihough and Pelham, 1987) fused to B-globin promoter and the B-Galactosidase gene. The tandem repeats of the ecdysone response element were synthesised as two complementary oligonucleotides which when annealed produced a double standed DNA molecule flanked by an SpeI site at the 5′ end and a ClaI site at the 3′ end:

[0186] Recr3A

[0187] 5′ctagtagacaagggttcaatgcacttgtccaataagcttagacaagggttcaatgcacttgtccaatgaattcagacaagggttcaatgcacttgtccaatctgcagagacaagggttcaatgcacttgtccaatat 3′

[0188] Recr3B

[0189] 5′cgatattggacaagtgcattgaacccttgtctctgcagattggacaagtgcattgaacccttgtctgaattcattggacaagtgcattgaacccttgtctaagcttattggacaagtgcattgaacccttgtcta 3′.

[0190] The resulting 135 bp DNA fragment was ligated to the vector PSWBGAL SpeI/ClaI resulting in pSWREcR4 (FIG. 8). The co-transfection of the two plasmid should result in B-galactosidase activity in the presence of ligand. The experiment relies upon the presence of RXR (a homologue of ultraspiracle) in mammalian cells for the formation of an active ecdysone receptor.

[0191] Mammalian Transfection Methods

[0192] Transfections of mammalian cell lines (CHO-K1 Chinese hamster ovary)-ATCC number CCL61 or cos-1 (Monkey cell line) were performed using either calcium phosphate precipitation (Gorman, Chapter 6 of “DNA cloning: a practical approach. Vol 2 D. M. Glover ed/.(1985) IRL Press, Oxford) or using UpofectAMINE (Gibco BRL Cat. No. 18324-012, following manufacturers instructions). Human Epithelial Kidney 293 cells were transfected using analogous methods.

[0193] Results—Native HEcR Drives Transient Reporter Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells

[0194] Co-transfection of pcDNA3H3 KHER (Effector) and reporter constructs into Human Epithelial Kidney 293 cells (HEK293) in the presence of either Muristerone A or RH5992 resulted in a 2-3 fold induction of reporter activity compared to the no chemical controls (FIG. 9). The HEK293 cells were used since they are known to have constitutive levels of αRXR which have been demonstrated to be necessary for Drosophila EcR activation by Muristerone A (Yao., et al., 1993). Moreover, to further investigate the need for RXR interactions, a αRXR was co-transfected into HEK293 cells (along with the effector and reporter) resulting in a 9 fold induction of reporter activity compared to the untreated cells FIG. 9). The co-transfection of αRXR with reporter and effector increased by four fold the reporter activity compared to cells transfected with effector and reporter alone. Induction was observed both in the presence of either Muristerone A or RH5992. These data clearly demonstrate that the cDNA HEcR encodes a functional ecdysone receptor. Moreover, The ability of HEcR to complex with αRXR and bind Muristerone A or RH5992 provide evidence for the usage of the entire HEcR as a component of a mammalian gene switch. In particular, it offers the advantage of reducing uninduced expression of target gene since ecdysone receptor and response elements are not present in mammalian cells.

EXAMPLE III Chimeric Constructs and Ligand Validation in Maize Protoplasts

[0195] In order to apply the ecdysone receptor as an inducible system it was deemed necesary to simplify the requirements of the system by avoiding the need of a heterodimer formation to obtain an active complex. The glucocorticoid receptor is known to form homodimers and chimeric constructs of the glucocorticoid receptor transactivating and DNA binding domains fused to the ecdysone receptor hinge and ligand binding domains have been shown to be active as homodimers in mammalian cells in the presence of Muristerone A (an ecdysone agonist) (Christopherson et al., 1992). However, the chimeric receptor is not responsive to 20-hydroxyecdysone (Christopherson et al., 1992).

[0196] The analysis of the activation of the glucocorticoid/Heliothis ecdysone chimeric receptor entailed the production of two other control effector constructs. The first one of the constructs contained the intact glucocorticoid receptor while the second one contained a glucocorticoid/Drosophila ecdysone chimeric receptor.

[0197] Effector Constructs

[0198] (i) Glucocorticoid Receptor Maize Expression Construct

[0199] The glucocorticoid receptor DNA for the Maize transient expression construct was produced via the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of Human Fibrosarcoma cDNA (HT1080 cell line, ATCC#CC1121) library (Clontech)(see Hollenberg et al., 1985). The PCR approach taken was to amplify the 2.7 kb fragment encoding the glucocorticoid receptor in two segments. The first segment entails the N-terminal end up to and including the DNA binding domain while the second fragment begins with the hinge region (amino acid 500) thought to the end of the reading frame. Thus, the PCR primer for the N-terminal end segment was designed to contain an EcoRI site and the Kozak consensus sequence for translation initiation:

[0200] GREcoRI 5′attgaattccaccatggactccaaagaatcataactc 3′.

[0201] The 3′end primer contains a XhoI site in frame with the reading frame at amino acid 500 of the published sequence:

[0202] GRXhoI 5′ gagactcctgtagtggcctcgacattccttttatttttttc 3′.

[0203] The second fragment of the glucocorticoid receptor was produced with a 5′ end oligonucleotide containing an XhoI site in frame with the open reading frame at the begining of the hinge region (amino acid 500):

[0204] GRHinge 5′ attctcgagattcagcaggccactacaggag 3′

[0205] while the 3′ end oligonucleotide contained an EcoRI site 400 bp after the stop codon:

[0206] GRStop 5′ attgaattcaatgctatcgtaactatacaggg 3′.

[0207] The glucocorticoid receptor PCR was carried out using Vent polymerase (Biolabs) under hot start conditions followed by 15 cycles of denaturing (94° C. for 1 minute), annealing (66° C. for 1 minute) and DNA synthesis (72° C. for 3 minute). The template was produced by making first strand cDNA as described in the TA cloning kit (Invitrogen) after which the PCR was carried out in 10 mM KCl, 10 mM (NH₄)₂SO₄, 20 mM TRIS-HCl pH 8.8, 2 mM MgSO₄, 0.1% (v/v) Triton X-100, 200 mM dNTPs, 100 ng of each Primer and 2 U of Vent Polymerase. The PCR products was restriction enzyme digested with EcoRI and XhoI and subcloned into pBluescript SK (pSK) EcoRI. The resulting plasmid pSKHGI was sequenced and found to lack any mutations from the published sequences (apart from those introduced in the PCR primers) (Hollenberg et al., 1985).

[0208] The 2.7 kb EcoRI fragment was subcloned into the vector pMF6PAT EcoRI resulting in pMF6HGIPAT (FIG. 10).

[0209] (ii) Maize Expression Construct Containing a Glucocorticoid/Drosophila Ecdysone Chimeric Receptor.

[0210] The glucocorticoid receptor portion of the chimeric receptor was isolated from pSKHGI by producing a 1.5 kb BamHI/XhoI restriction fragment containing the N-terminal end up to and including the DNA binding domain.

[0211] The Drosophila ecdysone receptor portion was isolated through PCR of first stand cDNA prepared from Drosophila adult mRNA. The PCR was carried out using a 5′ oligonucleotide containing a SalI site (ie. Drosophila ecdysone receptor contains a XhoI site at the end of the ligand binding domain) which starts at the begining of the hinge region: amino acid 330, Ecr8 attgtcgacaacggccggaatggctcgtcccggag 3′.

[0212] The 3′ end oligonucleotide contains an BamHI site adjacent to the stop codon: EcRstop 5′ tcgggctttgttaggatcctaagccgtggtcgaatgctccgacttaac 3′.

[0213] The PCR was carried out under the conditions described for the amplification of the Glucocorticoid receptor and yielded a 1.6 kb fragment. The fragment was introduced into pSK SalI/BamHI and the sequence determined and compared to the published one (Koelle et al., 1991).

[0214] The maize transient expression plasmid was produced by introducing into pMF6 BamHI vector the 1.5 kb BamHI/XhoI glucocorticoid receptor fragment and the 1.6 kb SalI/BamHI Drosophila receptor portion to yield the chimeric plasmid pMF6GREcRS (FIG. 9).

[0215] (iii) Construction of the Glucocorticoid/Heliothis Ecdysone Chimeric Receptor Maize Transient Expression Plasmid.

[0216] The Glucocorticoid receptor portion of the chimera was produced as describe in Example II(ii). The production of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor portion involves the introduction of a SalI recognition site at the DNA binding/hinge domain junction (amino acid 229). The addition of the SalI site:

[0217] HEcrsal 5′attgtcgacaaaggcccgagtgcgtggtgccggag 3′

[0218] was achieved via PCR mutagenesis making use of an unique AccI site 107 bp downstream of the juction point (or 1007 bp relative to Seq ID No 4):

[0219] HEcRacc 5′ tcacattgcatgatgggaggcatg 3′.

[0220] The PCR was carried out using Taq polymerase (2.5 U) in a reaction buffer containing 100 ng of template DNA (pSK19R), 100 ng of Hecrsal and Hecracc, 20 mM TRIS-HCl pH 8.4, 50 mM KCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, 200 mM dNTPs. The reaction was carried out with an initial denaturation of 3 minutes followed by 15 cycles of denaturation (1 minute at 94° C.), annealing (1 minute at 60° C.) and DNA synthesis (1 minute at 72° C.). The DNA was restriction enzyme digested and subcloned into pSK SalI/SacI with the 1.2 kb AccI/SacI 3′ end HEcR fragment to yield pSK HEcRDEF (or containing the hinge and ligand binding domains of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor). The construction of the maize transient expression plasmid containing the Glucocorticoid/Heliothis ecdysone chimeric receptor involved the ligation of pMF6 EcoRI/SacI with the 1.5 kb EcoRI/XhoI fragment of Glucocorticoid receptor N-terminal end and the 1.2 kb SalI/SacI fragment of pSk HEcRDEF to yield pMF6GRHEcR (FIG. 10).

[0221] Reporter Plasmids

[0222] Two reporter plasmids were made by inserting the into p221.9 or p221.10 BamHI/HindIII vectors two pairs or oligonucleotides containing six copies of the glucocorticoid response element (GRE). The two sets of oligonucleotides were designed with restriction enzyme recognition sites so as to ensure insertion of the two pairs in the right orientation. The first oligonucleotide pair GRE1A/B is 82 nucletides long and when annealed result in a DNA fragment flanked with a HindIII site at the 5′ end and a SalI site at the 3′ end: GRE1A

[0223] 5′agcttcgactgtacaggatgttctagctactcgagtagctagaacatcctgtacagtcgagtagctagaacatcctgtacag 3′

[0224] GRE1B 5′tcgactgtacaggatgttctagctactcgactgtacaggatgttctagctactcgagtcgctagaacatcctgta cagtcga 3′.

[0225] The second pair of oligonucleotides is flanked by a SalI site at the 5′ end and a BamHI site at the the 3′ end

[0226] GRE2A 5′ tcgactagctagaacatcctgtacagtcgagtagctagaacatcctgt acagtcgagtagctagaacatcctgtacag 3′

[0227] GRE2B 5′gatcctgtacaggatgttctagctactcgactgtacaggatgttctagctactcgactgtacaggatgttctagctag 3′.

[0228] The resulting plasmids were named p221.9GRE6 (FIG. 13) and p221.10GRE6 (FIG. 14) (used in later Example). The difference between p221.9 and p221.10 plasmids is that p221.9 contains the −60 35SCaMV minimal promotor while p221.10 (p221.1OGRE6) contains the −46 35SCaMV minimal promotor.

[0229] Method

[0230] Protoplasts were isolated from a maize suspension culture derived from BE70 x A188 embryogenic callus material, which was maintained by subculturing twice weekly in MS0.5_(mod.) (MS medium supplemented with 3% sucrose, 690 mg/l proline, 1 g/l myo-inositol, 0.2 g/l casein acid hydrolysate, 0.5 mg/l 2,4-D, pH 5.6). Cells from suspensions two days post subculture were digested in enzyme mixture (2.0% Cellulase RS, 0.2% Pectolyase Y23, 0.5M Mannitol, 5 mM CaCl₂2H₂O, 0.5% MES, pH 5.6, ˜660 mmol/kg) using ˜10 ml/g cells, incubating at 25° C., dim light, rotating gently for ˜2 hours. The digestion mixture was sieved sequentially through 250 μm and 38 pm sieves, and the filtrate centrifuged: at 700 rpm for 3.5 minutes, discarding the supernatant. The protoplasts were resuspended in wash buffer (0.358M KCl, 11.0 mM NH₄NO₃, 5.0 mM CaCl₂2H₂O, 0.5 mM KH₂PO₄, pH 4.8, ˜670 mmol/kg) and pelleted as before. This washing step was repeated. The pellet was resuspended in wash buffer and the protoplasts were counted. Transformation was achieved using a Polyethylene glycol method based on Negrutiu et. al. Protoplasts were resuspended at 2×10⁶/ml in MaMg medium (0.4M Mannitol, 15 mM MgCl₂, 0.1% MES, pH 5.6, ˜450 mmol/kg) aliquotting 0.5 ml/treatment (i.e. 1×10⁶ protoplasts/treatment). Samples were heat shocked at 45° C. for 5 minutes then cooled to room temperature. 10 μg each of p221.9GRE6 and pMF6HR11PAT (GR) (1 mg/ml)/treatment were added and mixed in gently, followed by immediate addition of 0.5 ml warm (˜45° C.) PEG solution (40% PEG 3,350 MW in 0.4M Mannitol, 0.1M Ca(NO₃)₂, pH 8.0), which was mixed in thoroughly but gently. Treatments were incubated at room temperature for 20-25 minutes, then 5 ml 0.292M KCl (pH 5.6, ˜530 mmol/kg) was added step-wise, 1 ml at a time, with mixing. The treatments were incubated for a further 10-15 minutes prior to pelleting the protoplasts by centrifuging as before. Each protoplast treatment was resuspended in 1.5 ml culture medium (MS medium, 2% sucrose, 2 mg/l 2,4D, 9% Mannitol, pH 5.6, ˜700 mmol/kg) +/−0.0001M dexamethasone (glucocorticoid). The samples were incubated in 3 cm dishes at 25° C., dark, for 24-48 hours prior to harvesting. Fluorometric assays for GUS activity were performed with the substrate 4-methylumbelliferyl-D-glucuronide using a Perkin-Elmer LS-35 fluorometer (Jefferson et al., 1987). Protein concentration of tissue homogenates were determined by the Bio-Rad protein assay (Bradford, 1976). The method was repeated for each effector construct.

[0231] Results

[0232] Reporter Gene Assay

[0233] A reporter gene construct (p221.9GRE6) was generated containing the GUS reporter gene under the control of a −60 CaMV ³⁵S promoter with 6 copies of the glucocorticoid response element. To test this construct was functional in maize protoplasts a co-transformation assay was performed with the reporter construct p221.9GRE6 and the effector construct pMF6HR1PAT (GR) construct containing the entire glucorticoid receptor.

[0234]FIG. 15 shows that Reporter p221.9GRE6 alone or reporter plus effector pMF6HR1PAT (GR) with no activating chemical gave no significant expression. When reporter plus effector were co-transformed into maize protoplasts in the presence of 0.0001M dexamethasone (glucocorticoid), a significant elevation of marker gene activity was observed (FIG. 15). The response is specific to glucorticoid as the steroid Muristerone A does not lead to induced levels of expression. These studies clearly show the reporter gene construct p221.9GRE6 is capable of monitoring effector/ligand mediated gene expression.

[0235] Chimeric Ecdysone Effector Constructs Mediate Inducible Expression in Maize Transient Protoplasts Assays

[0236] A chimeric effector plasmid pMF6GREcRS was constructed, containing the ligand binding domain from the Drosophila ecdysone receptor and the DNA binding and transactivation domain from the glucorticoid receptor. To confirm the reporter gene construct p221.9GRE6 could respond to a chimeric ecdysone effector construct, a series of co-transformation into maize protoplasts was performed.

[0237]FIG. 16 shows that reporter (p221.9GRE6) alone or reporter plus effector (pMF6GREcRS) with no activating chemical, gave no significant expression in maize protoplasts. When reporter plus effector were co-transformed into maize protoplasts in the presence of 100 μM Muristerone A, a significant elevation of marker gene activity was observed. The response was specific to Muristerone A, as the steroid dexamethasone did not lead to induced levels of expression. These studies clearly showed the reporter gene construct p221.9GRE6 is capable of monitoring chimeric ecdysone effector/ligand mediated gene expression.

[0238] A second chimeric effector construct pMF6GRHEcR, was generated containing the ligand binding domain from Heliothis ecdysone receptor. When co-transformed into maize protoplasts with the reporter plasmid p221.9GRE6, no response to 100 μM Muristerone or 100 μM dexamethasone was observed (FIG. 17). These data clearly show the Drosophila and Heliothis ligand binding domains exhibit different properties.

[0239] When the effector plasmid pMF6GREcRS, containing the ligand binding domain from Drosophila, was tested with the reporter p221.9GRE6 in presence of the non-steroidal ecdysone agonists RH5849 and RH5992 (mimic), no chemical induced reporter gene activity was observed (FIGS. 18 and 19).

[0240] When the effector plasmid pMF6GRHEcR, containing the ligand binding domain from Heliothis, was tested with the reporter p221.9GRE6 in presence of the non-steroidal ecdysone agonists RH5992 (mimic), significant chemical induced reporter gene activity was observed (FIG. 20). These data demonstrate the ligand binding domain from Heliothis has different properties to the Drosophila receptor in that the former responded to the non-steroidal ecdysteroid agonist RH5992. FIG. 21 demonstrates the effector plasmid pMF6GRHEcR confers RH5992 dependant inducibility on the reporter p221.9GRE6 in a dose responsive manner. Induction was observed in a range from 1 μM-100 μM RH5992.

EXAMPLE IV Testing of Effector Vectors in Tobacco Protoplasts

[0241] The experiments carried out in the previous example demonstrated the specific effect of RH5992 (mimic) on pMF6GRHEcR in maize protoplasts. It is the aim in this example to show the generic application to plants of the glucocorticoid/Heliothis ecdysone chimeric receptor switch system. Tobacco shoot cultures cv. Samsun, were maintained on solidified MS medium+3% sucrose in a controlled environment room (16 hour day/8 hour night at 25° C., 55% R.H), were used as the source material for protoplasts. Leaves were sliced parallel to the mid-rib, discarding any large veins and the slices were placed in CPW13M 13% Mannitol, pH 5.6, ˜860 mmol/kg) for ˜1 hour to pre-plasmolyse the cells. This solution was replaced with enzyme mixture (0.2% Cellulase R10, 0.05% Macerozyme R10 in CPW9M (CPW13M but 9% Mannitol), pH 5.6, ˜600 mmol/kg) and incubated in the dark at 25° C. overnight (·16 hours). Following digestion, the tissue was teased apart with forceps and any large undigested pieces were discarded. The enzyme mixture was passed through a 75 μm sieve and the filtrate was centrifuged at 600 rpm for 3.5 minutes, discarding the supernatant. The pellet was resuspended in 0.6M sucrose solution and centrifuged at 600 rpm for 10 minutes. The floating layer of protoplasts was removed using a pasteur pipette and diluted with CPW9M (pH 5.6, 560 mmol/kg). The protoplasts were again pelleted by centrifuging at 600 rpm for 3.5 minutes, resuspended in CPW9M and counted. A modified version of the PEG-mediated transformation above was carried out. Protoplasts were resuspended at 2×10⁶/ml in MaMg medium and aliquotted using 2001/treatment (i.e. 4×10⁵ protoplasts/treatment). 20 μg each of pMF6GRHEcRS and p221.9GRE6 DNA (1 mg/ml) were added followed by 200 μl PEG solution and the solutions gently mixed. The protoplasts were left to incubate at room temperature for 10 minutes before addition of 5 ml MSP19M medium (MS medium, 3% sucrose, 9% Mannitol, 2 mg/l NAA, 0.5 mg/l BAP, pH 5.6, ˜700 mmol/kg) +/−10 μM RH5992. Following gentle mixing, the protoplasts were cultured in their tubes, lying horizontally at 25° C., light. The protoplasts were harvested for the GUS assay after ˜24 hours.

[0242] Effector Construct

[0243] (i) Construction of a Dicotyledonous Expression Vector

[0244] The vector produced is a derivative of pMF6. pMF6GREcRS was restriction enzyme digested with PstI to produce 3 fragments namely, 3.4(Adh Intronless pMF6), 3.2(GREcRS) and 0.5(Adh intron I) kb). Isolation and religation of the 3.4 and 3.2 kb fragments resulted in pMF7GREcRS (FIG. 22). pMF7GREcRS was restriction enzyme digested with EcoRI/SacI resulting in the 3.4 kb pMF7 EcoRI/SacI vector which when isolated and purified was ligated to a 1.5 kb EcoRI/XhoI N-terminal end of the glucocorticoid receptor and the 1.2 kb SalI/SacI Heliothis ecdysone C-terminal end sequences to produce pMF7GRHEcR (FIG. 23).

[0245] Reporter Plasmid

[0246] The reporter plasmids constructed for the maize transient experiments were the same as those used without alteration in the tobacco leaf protoplast transient expression experiments.

[0247] Results—Chimeric Ecdysone Effector Constructs Mediate Inducible Expression in Tobacco Transient Protoplast Assays

[0248] Experiments were performed to demonstrate that the effector plasmid pMF6GRHEcR can confer chemical dependant inducible expression on the reporter p221.9GRE6 in tobacco mesophyll protoplasts.

[0249]FIG. 24 shows that reporter (p221.9GRE6) alone or reporter plus effector (pMF7GRHEcR) with no activating chemical, gave no significant expression in tobacco protoplasts. When reporter plus effector were co-transformed into tobacco protoplasts in the presence of 10 μM RH5992, a significant elevation of marker gene activity was observed. These data show a chimeric ecdysone effector construct, containing the Heliothis ligand binding domain can confer non-steroidal ecdysteroid dependant expression on reporter gene constructs in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous species.

EXAMPLE V Chimeric Activity in Mammalian Cells

[0250] Effector Constructs

[0251] (i) Construction of Glucocorticoid/Heliothis Ecdysone Chimeric Receptor.

[0252] The mammalian expression vector used in this experiment was pcDNA3 (Invitrogen). The GRHEcR 2.7 kb BamHI DNA fragment (isolated from pMF6GRHEcR) was introduced into the pcDNA3 BamHI vector. The recombinants were oriented by restriction enzyme mapping. The DNA sequence of the junctions was determined to ensure correct orientation and insertion (pcDNA3GRHEcR, FIG. 25).

[0253] Reporter Construct

[0254] The reporter plasmid for mammalian cell system was produced by taking pSWBGAL plasmid and replacing the CRESW SpeI/ClaI fragment for a synthetic 105 bp DNA fragment containing 4 copies of the glucocorticoid response element (GRE) and flanked by SpeI at the 5′ end and AflII at the 3′ end.

[0255] The oligonucleotides were synthesised using the sequences:

[0256] GREspeI 5′ctagttgtacaggatgttctagctactcgagtagctagaacatcctgtacagtcgagtagctagaacatcctgtacagtcgagtagctagaacatcctgtacac 3′

[0257] GREafl2 5′ttaagtgtacaggatgttctagctactcgactgtacaggatgttctagctactcgactgtacaggatgttctagctactcgagtagctagaacatcctgtacaa 3′.

[0258] The two oligonucleotides were purified annealed and ligated to pSWBGAL SpeI/AflII to produce pSWGRE4 (FIG. 26).

[0259] Results—Chimeric HEcR Drives Transient Reporter Gene Expression in Mammalian Cells

[0260] No expression was detected when a reporter gene construct pSWGRE4, comprising of a minimal β-globin promoter containing four copies of the glucocorticoid response element, fused to a β-galactosidase reporter gene, was introduced into CHO cells. Similarly, no expression was detected when pSWGRE4 and an effector plasmid pcDNA3GRHEcR, containing the transactivation and DNA binding domain from the glucocorticoid receptor and the ligand binding domain from the Heliothis ecdysone receptor, under the control of the CMV promoter were co-transformed into CHO-K1 or HEK293 cells. When co-trnsformed CHO (FIG. 27) and HEK293 cells (FIG. 28) were incubated in the presence of the non-steroidal ecdysone agonists RH5992 (mimic), significant chemical induced reporter gene activity was observed. Equally, induction of reporter activity was observed when HEK293 cells transfected with pcDNA3GRHEcR and reporter were treated with Muristerone A (FIG. 28).

EXAMPLE VI Screening System Allows New Chemical Activators and Modified Ligand Binding Domains to be Tested in Mammalian Cells

[0261] The basis of a screening system are in place after the demonstration that the chimeric receptor was activated in the presence of RH5992. A screen was carried out using CHO cells transiently transfected with both pSWGRE4 (reporter) and pcDNA3GRHEcR (effector) constructs. In the first instance 20 derivatives compounds of RH5992 were screened. It was observed that 7 out of the 20 compounds gave an increased reporter gene activity compared to untreated cells. A second screen was carried out in which 1000 randomly selected compounds were applied to transiently transfected CHO cells. Two compounds were found to activate reporter gene activity above that from the untreated controls. The second screen suggest that this cell based assay is a robust and rapid way to screen a small library of compounds, where a thousand compounds can be put through per week.

EXAMPLE V Stably Transformed Tobacco Plants

[0262] Stable Tobacco Vectors

[0263] The components of the stable Tobacco vectors were put together in pBluescript prior to transfer into the binary vector. The production of stable transformed plants entails the production of a vector in which both components of the switch system (ie. effector and reporter) are placed in the same construct to then introduce into plants.

[0264] The methodology described below was used to produce four different stable Tobacco vectors. The method involves three steps:

[0265] 1. pBluescript SK HindIII/EcoRI vector was ligated to either GRE6-4635SCaMVGUSNOS HindIII/EcoRI (from p221.10GRE6) or GRE6-6035SCaMVGUSNOS HindIII/EcoRI (from p221.9GRE6) resulting in plasmid pSK46 and pSK-60.

[0266] 2. This step involves the addition of the chimeric receptor (35SGRHEcRNOS or 35SGRVP16HEcRNOS) to pSK-60 or pSK46. Thus a pSK-60 (or pSK46) XbaI vector was ligated with either the 3.4 kb 35SGRHEcRNOS XbaI or the 3.0 kb 35SGRVP16HEcRNOS XbaI DNA fragment to produce pSKES1 (pSKGRE6-6035SCaMVGUSNOS-35SGRHEcRNOS), pSKES2 (pSKGRE6-4635SCaMVGUSNOS-35SGRHEcRNOS), pSKES3 (pSKGRE6-6035SCaMVGUSNOS-35SGRVP16HEcRNOS) and pSKES4 (pSKGRE64635SCaMVGUSNOS-35SGRVP16HEcRNOS).

[0267] 3. Transfer from pBluescript based vectors to binary vectors. The transfer of the ES1 (FIG. 29) ES2 (FIG. 30), ES3 (FIG. 31) or ES4 (FIG. 32) DNA fragments into the binary vector JR1 involves five steps:

[0268] (i) Restriction enzyme digestion of pSKES1 (ES2, ES3, and ES4) with ApaI and NotI to liberate the insert from the vector pbluescript.

[0269] (ii) The two DNA fragments were BamHI methylated for 2 hours at 37° C. in TRIS-HCl, MgCl, 80 uM SAM (S-adenosylmethionine) and 20 U of BamHI methylase.

[0270] (iii) Ligate a ApaI/NotI linker onto the fragment. The linker was designed to have an internal BamHI site:

[0271] ApaBNot1 5′ cattggatccttagc 3′ and

[0272] ApaBNot2 5′ggccgctaaggatccaatgggcc 3′.

[0273] (iv) Restriction enzyme digest the protected and Tinkered fragment with Bamfi and fractionate the products on a 1%(w/v) Agarose gel. The protected DNA fragment (5.5 kb) was cut out of the gel and purified.

[0274] (v) A ligation of JRIU BamHI vector with the protected band was carried out to produce JRIESI (JRIES2, JRIES3 or JRIES4). The DNA of the recombinant was characterised by restriction mapping and the sequence of the junctions determined.

[0275] The plant transformation construct pES1, containing a chimeric ecdysone receptor and a reporter gene cassette, was transferred into Agrobacterium tumefaciens LBA4404 using the freeze/thaw method described by Holsters et al. (1978). Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum cv Samsun) transformants were produced by the leaf disc method (Bevan, 1984). Shoots were regenerated on medium containing 100 mg/l kanamycin. After rooting, plantlets were transferred to the glasshouse and grown under 16 hour light/8 hour dark conditions.

[0276] Results—Chimeric Ecdysone Effector Constructs Mediate Inducible Expression in Stably Tobacco Plants

[0277] Transgenic tobacco plants were treated in cell culture by adding 100 μM RH5992 to MS media. In addition seedlings were grown hydroponically in the presence or absence of RH5992. In further experiments 5 mM RH5992 was applied in a foliar application to 8 week old glasshouse grown tobacco plants. In the three methods described uninduced levels of GUS activity were comparable to a wild type control, while RH5992 levels were significantly elevated.

[0278] Ecdysone Switch Modulation and Optimisation

EXAMPLE VIII Yeast Indicator Strains for Primary Screen of Chemical Libraries

[0279] A set of yeast indicator strains was produced to use as a primary screen to find chemicals which may be used in the gene switch. The properties of the desired chemicals should include high affinity resulting in high activation but with different physico-chemical characteristics so as to increase the scope of application of the technology. Moreover, the production of this strain also demonstrates the generic features of this switch system.

[0280] Effector Vector

[0281] A base vector for yeast YCp15Gal-TEV-112 was generated containing:

[0282] Backbone—a modified version of pRS315 (Sikorski and Hieter (1989) Genetics 122, 19-27)—a shuttle vector with the LEU2 selectable marker for use in yeast;

[0283] ADH1 promoter (BamHI-Hind III fragment) and ADH1 terminator (Not I-Bam HI fragment) from pADNS (Colicelli et al PNAS 86, 3599-3603);

[0284] DNA binding domain of GAL4 (amino acids 1-147; GALA sequence is Laughon and Gesteland 91984) Mol. Cell Biol. 4, 260-267) from pSG424 (Sadowski and Ptashne (1989) Nuc. Acids Res. 17,7539);

[0285] Activation domain—an acidic activation region corresponding to amino acids 1-107 of activation region B112 obtained from plasmid pB112 (Ruden et al (1991) Nature 350, 250-252).

[0286] The plasmid contains unique Eco RI, Nco I and Xba I sites between the DNA binding domain and activation domains.

[0287] Into this vector a PCR DNA fragment of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor containing the hinge, ligand binding domains and the C-terminal end was inserted. The 5′ oligonucleotide is flanked by an NcoI restriction recognition site and begins at amino acid 259:

[0288] HEcRNcoI 5′ aattccatggtacgacgacagtagacgatcac 3′.

[0289] The 3′ oligonucleotide is flanked by an XbaI site and encodes for up to amino acid 571:

[0290] HEcRXbaI 5′ ctgaggtctagagacggtggcgggcggcc 3′.

[0291] The PCR was carried out using vent polymerase with the conditions described in Example IA. The fragment was restriction enzyme digested with NcoI and XbaI purified and ligated into YCp15GALTEV112 NcoI/XbaI vector to produce YGALHEcRB112 or TEV-B112 (FIG. 34). In order to reduce constitutive activity of the YGALHECRB112 plasmid a YGALHEcR plasmid was produced in which the B112 activator was deleted by restriction enzyme digesting YGALHEcRB112 with XbaI/SpeI followed by ligation of the resulting vector (ie. SpeI and XbaI sites when digested produce compatible ends) (TEV-8, FIG. 33). An effector plasmid was constructed whereby the B112 transactivating domain was excised from YGalHEcRB112 with XbaI and replaced with the VP16 transactivation domain DNA fragment (encoding amino acids 411 and 490 including the stop codon). The resulting vector was named YGalHEcRVP16 or TEVVP16-3 (FIG. 35).

[0292] Reporter Construction for Yeast

[0293] The S. cerevisiae strain GGY1::171 (Gill and Ptashne (1987) Cell 51, 121-126), YT6::171 (Himmelfarb et al (1990) Cell 63, 1299-1309) both contain reporter plasmids consisting of the GAL4-responsive GAL1 promoter driving the E. coli B-galactosidase gene. These plasmids are integrated at the URA3 locus. The reporter strain YT6::185 contains the reporter plasmid pJP185 (two synthetic GALA sites driving the B-galactosidase gene) integrated at the URA3 locus of YT6 (Himmelfarb et al). (Note—the parental strains YT6 and GGY1 have mutations in the GAL4 and GAL80 genes, so the reporter genes are inactive in the absence of any plasmids expressing GAL4 fusions).

[0294] Yeast Assay

[0295] Standard transformation protocols (Lithium acetate procedure) and selection of colonies by growth of cells on selective media (leucine minus medium in the case of the YCp15Gal-TEV-112 plasmid)—as described in Guthrie and Fink)1991) Guide to Yeast Genetics and Molecular Biology: Methods in Enzymology Vol. 194 Academic Press) and the reporter gene assay is a modification of that described in Ausabel et al (1993) Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Wiley) Chapter 13).

[0296] Results—Automated Screening System Allows New Chemical Activators and Modified Ligand Binding Domains to be Tested in Yeast

[0297] An effector vector pYGALHEcRB112 has been generated containing a GAL4 DNA binding domain, a B112 activation domain and the ligand binding region from Heliothis virescens. In combination with a GAL reporter vector, pYGALHEcRB112 form the basis of a rapid, high throughput assay which is cheap to run. This cell-based assay in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) will be used to screen for novel non-steroidal ecdysone agonists which may of commercial interest as novel insecticides or potent activators of the ecdysone gene switch system. The demonstration of an efficient system to control gene expression in a chemical dependant manner, forms the basis of an inducible system for peptide production in yeast.

[0298] The yeast screening system forms the basis of a screen for enhanced ligand binding using the lac Z reporter gene vector to quantitatively assay the contribution of mutation in the ligand binding domain. Alternatively, enhanced ligand binding capabilities or with a selection cassette where the lac Z reporter is replaced with a selectable marker such as uracil (URA 3), tryptophan (Trp1) or leucine (Leu2), and histidine (His). Constructs based on pYGALHEcRB112 with alterations in the ligand binding domain are grown under selection conditions which impair growth of yeast containing the wild type ligand binding domain. Those surviving in the presence of inducer are retested and then sequenced to identify the mutation conferring resistance.

EXAMPLE IX Optimisation of Chimeric Receptor Using a Strong Transactivator

[0299] Construction of Mammalian Expression Plasmid with Chimeric Receptor Containing Herpex Simplex VP16 Protein Sequences.

[0300] The construction of this chimeric receptor is based on replacing the sequences encoding for the glucocorticoid receptor transactivating domain with those belonging to the VP16 protein of Herpex simplex. Thus PCR was used to generate three fragments all to be assembled to produce the chimeric receptor. The PCRs were carried out as described in Example II, iii. The first fragment includes the Kozak sequences and methionine start site of the glucocorticoid receptor to amino acid 152 of the glucocorticoid receptor. The oligonucleotides used for the generation of this fragment included an EcoRI site at the 5′ end:

[0301] GR1A 5′ atatgaattccaccatggactccaaagaatc 3′

[0302] and at the 3′ end a NheI restriction enzyme recognition site:

[0303] GR1B 5′ atatgctagctgtgggggcagcagacacagcagtgg 3′.

[0304] The second fragment also belongs to the glucocorticoid receptor and begins with a NheI site in frame with amino acid 406:

[0305] GR2A 5′atatgctagctccagctcctcaacagcaacaac 3′

[0306] and ends with a XhoI site at amino acid 500:

[0307] GR2B 5′atatctcgagcaattccttttattttttc 3′.

[0308] The two fragments were introduced into pSKEcoRI/SacI in a ligation containing GR1A/B EcoRI/NheI, GR2AB NheI/XhoI and HEcR SalI/SacI (from pSKHEcRDEF) to yield pSKGRDHEcR. The GR sequences and junctions of the ligation were found to be mutation free.

[0309] The third fragment to be amplified was a sequence between amino acid 411 to 490 of the herpes simplex VP16 protein. The amplified fragment was flanked with SpeI recognition sites. SpeI produces compatible ends to those of NheI sites. The oligonucleotides used:

[0310] VP16C 5′ attactagttcggcccccccgaccgat 3′ and

[0311] VP16E 5′ aattactagtcccaccgtactcgtcaattcc 3′

[0312] produced a 180 bp fragment which was restriction enzyme digested with SpeI and introduced into pSKGRΔHEcR NheI vector to produce pSKGRVP16HEcR. The DNA from the latter was sequenced and and found to be mutation free, the junctions were also shown to be in frame with those of the glucocorticoid receptor.

[0313] The 2.2 kb EcoRV/NotI GRVP16HEcR fragment was introduced into a pcDNA3 EcoRV/NotI vector resulting in pcDNA3GRVP16HEcR (FIG. 36).

[0314] Construction of Plant Transient Expression Effector Plasmids Containing the Chimeric Receptor with VP16 Sequences

[0315] The same procedure was carried out to clone the GRVP16HEcR DNA fragment into tobacco (pMF7b) and maize (pMF6) expression vectors. A 2.2 kb BamHI DNA fragment was isolated from pcDNA3GRVP16HEcR and ligated in to the pMF6 BamHI (or pMF7b BamHI) vector to produce pMF6GRVP16HEcR (FIG. 37) (or pMF7GRVP16HEcR) (FIG. 38).

[0316] Results—Addition of Strong Activation Domains Enhance Ecdysone Switch System

[0317] The VP16 transactivation domain from herpes simplex virus has been added to a maize protoplast vector pMF6GRHEcR to generate the vector pMF6GRVP16HEcR. When co-transformed into maize protoplasts with the reporter construct p221.9GRE6, in the presence of 100 μM RH5992, enhanced levels of expression were seen over pMF6GRHEcR. FIG. 39, shows that RH5992 is able to induce GUS levels comparable to those observed with the positive control (p35SCaMVGUS), moreover, a dose response effect is observable.

[0318] VP16 enhanced vectors (pES3 and pES4) have been generated for stable transformation of tobacco. Following transformation transgenic progeny containing pES3 and pES4, gave elevated GUS levels following treatment with RH5992, relative to comparable transgenic plants containing the non-VP16 enhanced vectors pES1 and pES2.

[0319] An enhanced mammalian vector pcDNA3GRVP16HEcR was prepared for transient transfection of mammalian cell lines. Elevated reporter gene activities were obtained relative to the effector construct (pcDNA3GRHEcR) without the VP16 addition.

[0320] “Acidic” activation domains are apparently “universal” activators in eukaryotes (Ptashne (1988) Nature 335 683-689). Other suitable acidic activation domains which have been used in fusions are the activator regions of GAL4 itself (region I and region II; Ma and Ptashne (Cell (1987) 48, 847-853), the yeast activator GCN4 (Hope and Struhl (1986) Cell 46, 885-894) and the herpes simplex virus VP16 protein (Triezenberg et al (1988) Genes Dev. 2, 718-729 and 730-742).

[0321] Other acidic and non-acidic transcriptional enhancer sequences for example from plant fungal and mammalian species can be added to the chimeric ecdysone receptor to enhance induced levels of gene expression.

[0322] Chimeric or synthetic activation domains can be generated to enhance induced levels of gene expression.

EXAMPLE X Optimisation by Replacement of Heliothis Ligand Binding Domain in Chimeric Effector for that of an Ecdysone Ligand Binding domain of another species

[0323] Mutagenesis of the ecdysone ligand binding domain results in the increased sensitivity of the chimeric receptor for activating chemical. This can be achieved by deletions in the ligand binding domain, use of error prone PCR (Caldwell et al., PCR Meth. Applic 2, 28-33 1992), and in vitro DNA shuffling PCR (Stemmer, Nature 370, 389-391 1994). To enhance the efficacy of the listed techniques we have developed a screening system for enhanced levels of induced expression (see below).

[0324] An alternative strategy to the mutation of a known ligand binding domain is to identify insect species which are particularly sensitive to ecdysteroid agonists. For example Spodoptera exigua is particularly sensitive to RH 5992. To investigate the role of the ecdysone receptor ligand binding domain in increased sensitivity to RH5992 we have isolated corresponding DNA sequences from of S. exigua (FIG. 40, Sequence ID No. 6). FIG. 41, Sequence ID No. 7 shows a protein alignment of the hinge and ligand binding domains of the Heliothis virescens and Spodoptera exigua ecdysone receptors. The protein sequence between the two species is well conserved.

[0325] Results—Manipulation of the Ligand Binding Domain Leads to Enhanced Induced Expression

[0326] Isolation of an ecdysone ligand binding domain from another lepidopteran species was carried out by using degenerate oligonucleotides and PCR of first strand cDNA (Perkin Elmer, cDNA synthesis Kit) of the chosen species. The degenerate oligonucleotides at the 5′ end were HingxhoA and B and at the 3′ end ligandxA/B HingxhoA 5′ attgctcgagaaagiccigagtgcgtigticc 3′                        a  t HingxhoB 5′ attgctcgagaacgiccigagtgtgtigticc 3′                        a  c LigandxA 5′ ttactcgagiacgtcccaiatctcttciaggaa 3′                 a        t  c     a ligandxB 5′ ttactcgagiacgtcccaiatctcctciaagaa 3′                 a        t   t    a

[0327] RNA was extracted from 4th instar larvae of Spodoptera exigua since Spodoptera exigua appears to be more sensitive to RH5992 than Heliothis (Smagghe and Degheele, 1994). The first strand cDNA was used in PCR reactions under the following conditions 20 mM Tris-HCL (pH 8.4), 50 mM KCl, 1.5 mM MgCl₂, 200 mM dNTPs (dATP, dCTP, dGTP and dTTP) and 0.02 U/ml Taq DNA polymerase and in the presence of 1 ug of each Hinge (5′ 3′) and Ligand (5′3′) oligonucleotides. The PCR cycling conditions were 94° C. for 1 minute, 60° C. for 2 minutes and 72° C. for 1 minute and 35 cycles were carried out. A sample of the completed reaction was fractionated in a 1% agarose (w/v) 1×TBE gel, and the resulting 900 bp fragment was subcloned into pCRII vector (Invitrogen). The resulting clone (pSKSEcR 1-10) were further characterised and sequenced.

EXAMPLE X Manipulation of Reporter Gene Promoter Regions can Modulate Chemical Induced Expression

[0328] The context of the effector response element in the reporter gene promoter can be used to modulate the basal and induced levels of gene expression. Six copies of the glucorticoid response element were fused to 46 bp or 60 bp of the CaMV ³⁵S promoter sequence. When used with the effector construct pMF7GRHEcRS the reporter gene construct containing 46 bp of the CaMV ³⁵S promoter gave reduced basal and induced levels of GUS expression relative to the 60 bp reporter construct (FIG. 42).

[0329] Constructs for plant transformation (pES1 and ES2) have been generated to demonstrate the size of minimal promoter can be used to modulate the basal and induced levels of gene expression in plants.

[0330] The number and spacing of response elements in the reporter gene promoter can be adjusted to enhance induced levels of trans-gene expression.

[0331] The utility of a two component system (effector and reporter gene cassettes) allows the spatial control of induced expression. Trans-gene expression can be regulated in an tissue specific, organ specific or developmentally controlled manner. This can be achieved by driving the effector construct from a spatially or temporally regulated promoter.

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1 59 1 116 DNA Heliothis virescens 1 tgcgaggggt gcaaggagtt cttcaggcgg agtgtaacca aaaatgcagt gtacatatgc 60 aaattcggcc atgcttgcga aatggatatg tatatgcgga gaaaatgcca agagta 116 2 1934 DNA Heliothis virescens 2 tccactggtg ttttcaccac cacagaaaag gcctctgctc atttagaggg tggtgctaag 60 aaggtcatca tctcctgctg cccagcgctg acccatgttc gtcgttggtg tcaaccttga 120 agcagtatga cccctcttac aaggtcatct ccaacgcctc ctgcacaacc aactgcctcg 180 ctcctctcgc taaggtcatc catgacaact tcgagatcat tgaaggtctg atgaccactg 240 tacacgccac cactgccacc cagaagacag tggatggacc ctctggtaaa ctgtggcgtg 300 atggccgtgg tgctcagcag aatatcattc ccgcggaatt ccccagccgc agctagctaa 360 cctgcagcag acacaacccc taccttccat gccgttacca atgccaccga caacacccaa 420 atcagaaaac gagtcaatgt catcaggtcg tgaggaactg tctccagctt cgagtgtaaa 480 cggctgcagc acagatggcg aggcgaggcg gcagaagaaa ggcccagcgc cgaggcagca 540 agaagagcta tgtcttgtct gcggcgacag agcctccgga tatcactaca acgcgctcac 600 atgtgaaggg tgtaaaggtt tcttcaggcg gagtgtaacc aaaaatgcag tgtacatatg 660 caaattcggc catgcttgcg aaatggatat ctatatgcgg agaaaatgtc aggagtgtcg 720 gttgaagaaa tgtcttgcgg tgggcatgag gcccgagtgc gtggtgccgg agaaccagtg 780 tgcaatgaaa cggaaagaga aaaaggcgca gagggaaaaa gacaaattgc ccgtcagtac 840 gacgacagta gacgatcaca tgcctcccat catgcaatgt gaccctccgc ccccagaggc 900 cgctagaatt ctggaatgtg tgcagcacga ggtggtgcca cgattcctga atgagaagct 960 aatggaacag aacagattga agaacgtgcc ccccctcact gccaatcaga agtcgttgat 1020 cgcaaggctc gtgtggtacc aggaaggcta tgaacaacct tccgaggaag acctgaagag 1080 ggttacacag tcggacgagg acgacgaaga ctcggatatg ccgttccgtc agattaccga 1140 gatgacgatt ctcacagtgc agctcatcgt agaattcgct aagggcctcc cgggcttcgc 1200 caagatctcg cagtcggacc agatcacgtt attaaaggcg tgctcaagtg aggtgatgat 1260 gctccgagtg gctcggcggt atgacgcggc caccgacagc gtactgttcg cgaacaacca 1320 ggcgtacact cgcgacaact accgcaaggc aggcatggcg tacgtcatcg aggacctgct 1380 gcacttctgt cggtgcatgt actccatgat gatggataac gtgcattatg cgctgcttac 1440 agccattgtc atcttctcag accggcccgg gcttgagcaa cccctgttgg tggaggacat 1500 ccagagatat tacctgaaca cgctacgggt gtacatcctg aaccagaaca gcgcgtcgcc 1560 ccgcggcgcc gtcatcttcg gcgagatcct gggcatactg acggagatcc gcacgctggg 1620 catgcagaac tccaacatgt gcatctccct caagctgaag aacaggaagc tgccgccgtt 1680 cctcgaggag atctgggacg tggcggacgt ggcgacgacg gcgacgccgg tggcggcgga 1740 ggcgccggcg cctctagccc ccgccccgcc cgcccggccg cccgccaccg tctagcgcgc 1800 ctcaggagag aacgctcata gactggctag ttttagtgaa gtgcacggac actgacgtcg 1860 acgtgatcaa cctatttata aggactgcga attttaccac ttaagagggc acacccgtac 1920 ccgatttcgt acgg 1934 3 2464 DNA Heliothis virescens misc (2241)..(2241) n is a, c, g, or t 3 cgctggtata acaacggacc attccagacg ctgcgaatgc tcgaggagag ctcgtctgag 60 gtgacgtcgt cttcagcact gggcctgccg ccggctatgg tgatgtcccc ggaatcgctc 120 gcgtcgcccg agatcggcgg cctggagctg tggggctacg acgatggcat cacttacagc 180 atggcacagt cgctgggcac ctgcaccatg gagcagcagc agccccagcc gcagcagcag 240 ccgcagcaga cacaacccct accttccatg ccgttaccaa tgccaccgac aacacccaaa 300 tcagaaaacg agtcaatgtc atcaggtcgt gaggaactgt ctccagcttc gagtgtaaac 360 ggctgcagca cagatggcga ggcgaggcgg cagaagaaag gcccagcgcc gaggcagcaa 420 gaagagctat gtcttgtctg cggcgacaga gcctccggat atcactacaa cgcgctcaca 480 tgtgaagggt gtaaaggttt cttcaggcgg agtgtaacca aaaatgcagt gtacatatgc 540 aaattcggcc atgcttgcga aatggatatc tatatgcgga gaaaatgtca ggagtgtcgg 600 ttgaagaaat gtcttgcggt gggcatgagg cccgagtgcg tggtgccgga gaaccagtgt 660 gcaatgaaac ggaaagagaa aaaggcgcag agggaaaaag acaaattgcc cgtcagtacg 720 acgacagtag acgatcacat gcctcccatc atgcaatgtg accctccgcc cccagaggcc 780 gctagaattc tggaatgtgt gcagcacgag gtggtgccac gattcctgaa tgagaagcta 840 atggaacaga acagattgaa gaacgtgccc cccctcactg ccaatcagaa gtcgttgatc 900 gcaaggctcg tgtggtacca ggaaggctat gaacaacctt ccgaggaaga cctgaagagg 960 gttacacagt cggacgagga cgacgaagac tcggatatgc cgttccgtca gattaccgag 1020 atgacgattc tcacagtgca gctcatcgta gaattcgcta agggcctccc gggcttcgcc 1080 aagatctcgc agtcggacca gatcacgtta ttaaaggcgt gctcaagtga ggtgatgatg 1140 ctccgagtgg ctcggcggta tgacgcggcc accgacagcg tactgttcgc gaacaaccag 1200 gcgtacactc gcgacaacta ccgcaaggca ggcatggcgt acgtcatcga ggacctgctg 1260 cacttctgtc ggtgcatgta ctccatgatg atggataacg tgcattatgc gctgcttaca 1320 gccattgtca tcttctcaga ccggcccggg cttgagcaac ccctgttggt ggaggacatc 1380 cagagatatt acctgaacac gctacgggtg tacatcctga accagaacag cgcgtcgccc 1440 cgcggcgccg tcatcttcgg cgagatcctg ggcatactga cggagatccg cacgctgggc 1500 atgcagaact ccaacatgtg catctccctc aagctgaaga acaggaagct gccgccgttc 1560 ctcgaggaga tctgggacgt ggcggacgtg gcgacgacgg cgacgccggt ggcggcggag 1620 gcgccggcgc ctctagcccc cgccccgccc gcccggccgc ccgccaccgt ctagcgcgcc 1680 tcaggagaga acgctcatag actggctagt tttagtgaag tgcacggaca ctgacgtcga 1740 cgtgatcaac ctatttataa ggactgcgaa ttttaccact taagagggca cacccgtacc 1800 cgatttcgta cgtattcggt gaccgacgac gatgcagagc gtgtgtaatg tgaatatatg 1860 tgttgttgaa cgatttggag aatatatatt ggtgttgctg ttcgggcccg cacgccgtcg 1920 ccggtcggcg gcgatcgcgg cgcccgcggc ttcagtttta tttcgtttac gactgagttg 1980 gtcactcgga tacgactgta tgataagact tcgttcgata agtacaccta ctaaattaca 2040 catacgtacg tagcttacga gagttattag agacaaagaa tataagaaga agatgtttct 2100 attgggtgaa aagttgatag ttatgtttat ttaccaaaat taacaataat acgttgatta 2160 acctttcgag tataatattg tgatgagtcg tccgctgtcc acgtcgccgt cacatgtttg 2220 tttctgatgc acacgtgagg ngcgttatcg tgtttcatgg ttccatcgtc ctgtgcccgc 2280 gaccctcgac taaatgagta atttaattta ttgctgtgat tacattttaa tgtgttgatt 2340 atctaccata gggtgatata agtgtgtctt attacaatac aaagtgtgtg tcgtcgatag 2400 cttccacacg agcaagcctt ttgtttaagt gatttactga catggacact cgacccggaa 2460 cttc 2464 4 2464 DNA Heliothis virescens misc (2241)..(2241) n=a, c, g, or t 4 cgctggtata acaacggacc attccagacg ctgcgaatgc tcgaggagag ctcgtctgag 60 gtgacgtcgt cttcagcact gggcctgccg ccggctatgg tgatgtcccc ggaatcgctc 120 gcgtcgcccg agatcggcgg cctggagctg tggggctacg acgatggcat cacttacagc 180 atggcacagt cgctgggcac ctgcaccatg gagcagcagc agccccagcc gcagcagcag 240 ccgcagcaga cacaacccct accttccatg ccgttaccaa tgccaccgac aacacccaaa 300 tcagaaaacg agtcaatgtc atcaggtcgt gaggaactgt ctccagcttc gagtgtaaac 360 ggctgcagca cagatggcga ggcgaggcgg cagaagaaag gcccagcgcc gaggcagcaa 420 gaagagctat gtcttgtctg cggcgacaga gcctccggat atcactacaa cgcgctcaca 480 tgtgaagggt gtaaaggttt cttcaggcgg agtgtaacca aaaatgcagt gtacatatgc 540 aaattcggcc atgcttgcga aatggatatc tatatgcgga gaaaatgtca ggagtgtcgg 600 ttgaagaaat gtcttgcggt gggcatgagg cccgagtgcg tggtgccgga gaaccagtgt 660 gcaatgaaac ggaaagagaa aaaggcgcag agggaaaaag acaaattgcc cgtcagtacg 720 acgacagtag acgatcacat gcctcccatc atgcaatgtg accctccgcc cccagaggcc 780 gctagaattc tggaatgtgt gcagcacgag gtggtgccac gattcctgaa tgagaagcta 840 atggaacaga acagattgaa gaacgtgccc cccctcactg ccaatcagaa gtcgttgatc 900 gcaaggctcg tgtggtacca ggaaggctat gaacaacctt ccgaggaaga cctgaagagg 960 gttacacagt cggacgagga cgacgaagac tcggatatgc cgttccgtca gattaccgag 1020 atgacgattc tcacagtgca gctcatcgta gaattcgcta agggcctccc gggcttcgcc 1080 aagatctcgc agtcggacca gatcacgtta ttaaaggcgt gctcaagtga ggtgatgatg 1140 ctccgagtgg ctcggcggta tgacgcggcc accgacagcg tactgttcgc gaacaaccag 1200 gcgtacactc gcgacaacta ccgcaaggca ggcatggcgt acgtcatcga ggacctgctg 1260 cacttctgtc ggtgcatgta ctccatgatg atggataacg tgcattatgc gctgcttaca 1320 gccattgtca tcttctcaga ccggcccggg cttgagcaac ccctgttggt ggaggacatc 1380 cagagatatt acctgaacac gctacgggtg tacatcctga accagaacag cgcgtcgccc 1440 cgcggcgccg tcatcttcgg cgagatcctg ggcatactga cggagatccg cacgctgggc 1500 atgcagaact ccaacatgtg catctccctc aagctgaaga acaggaagct gccgccgttc 1560 ctcgaggaga tctgggacgt ggcggacgtg gcgacgacgg cgacgccggt ggcggcggag 1620 gcgccggcgc ctctagcccc cgccccgccc gcccggccgc ccgccaccgt ctagcgcgcc 1680 tcaggagaga acgctcatag actggctagt tttagtgaag tgcacggaca ctgacgtcga 1740 cgtgatcaac ctatttataa ggactgcgaa ttttaccact taagagggca cacccgtacc 1800 cgatttcgta cgtattcggt gaccgacgac gatgcagagc gtgtgtaatg tgaatatatg 1860 tgttgttgaa cgatttggag aatatatatt ggtgttgctg ttcgggcccg cacgccgtcg 1920 ccggtcggcg gcgatcgcgg cgcccgcggc ttcagtttta tttcgtttac gactgagttg 1980 gtcactcgga tacgactgta tgataagact tcgttcgata agtacaccta ctaaattaca 2040 catacgtacg tagcttacga gagttattag agacaaagaa tataagaaga agatgtttct 2100 attgggtgaa aagttgatag ttatgtttat ttaccaaaat taacaataat acgttgatta 2160 acctttcgag tataatattg tgatgagtcg tccgctgtcc acgtcgccgt cacatgtttg 2220 tttctgatgc acacgtgagg ngcgttatcg tgtttcatgg ttccatcgtc ctgtgcccgc 2280 gaccctcgac taaatgagta atttaattta ttgctgtgat tacattttaa tgtgttgatt 2340 atctaccata gggtgatata agtgtgtctt attacaatac aaagtgtgtg tcgtcgatag 2400 cttccacacg agcaagcctt ttgtttaagt gatttactga catggacact cgacccggaa 2460 cttc 2464 5 575 PRT Heliothis virescens 5 Met Ser Leu Gly Ala Arg Gly Tyr Arg Arg Cys Asp Thr Leu Ala Asp 1 5 10 15 Met Arg Arg Arg Trp Tyr Asn Asn Gly Gly Phe Gln Thr Leu Arg Met 20 25 30 Leu Glu Glu Ser Ser Ser Glu Val Thr Ser Ser Ser Ala Leu Gly Leu 35 40 45 Pro Pro Ala Met Val Met Ser Pro Glu Ser Leu Ala Ser Pro Glu Ile 50 55 60 Gly Gly Leu Glu Leu Trp Gly Tyr Asp Asp Gly Ile Thr Tyr Ser Met 65 70 75 80 Ala Gln Ser Leu Gly Thr Cys Thr Met Glu Gln Gln Gln Pro Gln Pro 85 90 95 Gln Gln Gln Pro Gln Gln Thr Gln Pro Leu Pro Ser Met Pro Leu Pro 100 105 110 Met Pro Pro Thr Thr Pro Lys Ser Glu Asn Glu Ser Met Ser Ser Gly 115 120 125 Arg Glu Glu Leu Ser Pro Ala Ser Ser Val Asn Gly Cys Ser Thr Asp 130 135 140 Gly Glu Ala Arg Arg Gln Lys Lys Gly Pro Ala Pro Arg Gln Gln Glu 145 150 155 160 Glu Leu Cys Leu Val Cys Gly Asp Arg Ala Ser Gly Tyr His Tyr Asn 165 170 175 Ala Leu Thr Cys Glu Gly Cys Lys Gly Phe Phe Arg Arg Ser Val Thr 180 185 190 Lys Asn Ala Val Tyr Ile Cys Lys Phe Gly His Ala Cys Glu Met Asp 195 200 205 Ile Tyr Met Arg Arg Lys Cys Gln Glu Cys Arg Leu Lys Lys Cys Leu 210 215 220 Ala Val Gly Met Arg Pro Glu Cys Val Val Pro Glu Asn Gln Cys Ala 225 230 235 240 Met Lys Arg Lys Glu Lys Lys Ala Gln Arg Glu Lys Asp Lys Leu Pro 245 250 255 Val Ser Thr Thr Thr Val Asp Asp His Met Pro Pro Ile Met Gln Cys 260 265 270 Asp Pro Pro Pro Pro Glu Ala Ala Arg Ile Leu Glu Cys Val Gln His 275 280 285 Glu Val Val Pro Arg Phe Leu Asn Glu Lys Leu Met Glu Gln Asn Arg 290 295 300 Leu Lys Asn Val Pro Pro Leu Thr Ala Asn Gln Lys Ser Leu Ile Ala 305 310 315 320 Arg Leu Val Trp Tyr Gln Glu Gly Tyr Glu Gln Pro Ser Glu Glu Asp 325 330 335 Leu Lys Arg Val Thr Gln Ser Asp Glu Asp Asp Glu Asp Ser Asp Met 340 345 350 Pro Phe Arg Gln Ile Thr Glu Met Thr Ile Leu Thr Val Gln Leu Ile 355 360 365 Val Glu Phe Ala Lys Gly Leu Pro Gly Phe Ala Lys Ile Ser Gln Ser 370 375 380 Asp Gln Ile Thr Leu Leu Lys Ala Cys Ser Ser Glu Val Met Met Leu 385 390 395 400 Arg Val Ala Arg Arg Tyr Asp Ala Ala Thr Asp Ser Val Leu Phe Ala 405 410 415 Asn Asn Gln Ala Tyr Thr Arg Asp Asn Tyr Arg Lys Ala Gly Met Ala 420 425 430 Tyr Val Ile Glu Asp Leu Leu His Phe Cys Arg Cys Met Tyr Ser Met 435 440 445 Met Met Asp Asn Val His Tyr Ala Leu Leu Thr Ala Ile Val Ile Phe 450 455 460 Ser Asp Arg Pro Gly Leu Glu Gln Pro Leu Leu Val Glu Asp Ile Gln 465 470 475 480 Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Asn Thr Leu Arg Val Tyr Ile Leu Asn Gln Asn Ser 485 490 495 Ala Ser Pro Arg Gly Ala Val Ile Phe Gly Glu Ile Leu Gly Ile Leu 500 505 510 Thr Glu Ile Arg Thr Leu Gly Met Gln Asn Ser Asn Met Cys Ile Ser 515 520 525 Leu Lys Leu Lys Lys Arg Lys Leu Pro Pro Phe Leu Glu Glu Ile Trp 530 535 540 Asp Val Ala Asp Val Ala Thr Thr Ala Thr Pro Val Ala Ala Glu Ala 545 550 555 560 Pro Ala Pro Leu Ala Pro Ala Pro Pro Ala Arg Pro Ala Thr Val 565 570 575 6 948 DNA Spodoptera exigua 6 aggccggagt gcgtggtgcc agaaaaccag tgtgcaatga aaaggaaaga gaaaaaggca 60 caaagggaaa aagacaagtt gccagtcagt acaacgacag tggatgatca catgcctccc 120 attatgcagt gtgatccacc gcctccagag gccgcaagaa ttcacgaggt ggtgccacga 180 ttcctgaatg aaaagctaat ggacaggaca aggctcaaga atgtgccccc tcactgccaa 240 ccagaagtcc ttaatagcga ggctggtctg gtaccaagaa ggctatgaac agccatcaga 300 agaggatcta aaaagagtca cacagtcgga tgaagacgaa gaagagtcgg acatgccgtt 360 ccgtcagatc accgagatga cgatcctcac agtgcagctc attgttgaat tcgctaaggg 420 cctaccagcg ttcgcaaaga tctcacagtc ggatcagatc acattattaa aggcctgttc 480 gagtgaggtg atgatgttgc gagtagctcg gcggtacgac gcggcgacag acagcgtgtt 540 gttcgccaac aaccaggcgt acacccgcga caactaccgc aaggcaggca tggcctacgt 600 catcgaggac ctgctgcact tctgccggtg catgtactcc atgatgatgg ataacgtcca 660 ctatgcactg ctcactgcca tcgtcatttt ctcagaccga cccgggcttg agctaaccct 720 gttggtggag gagatccaga gatattacct gaacacgctg cgggtgtaca tcctgaacca 780 gaacagtcgg tcgccgtgct gccctgtcat ctacgctaag atcctcggca tcctgacgga 840 gctgcggacc ctgggcatgc agaactccaa catgtgcatc tcactcaagc tgaagaacag 900 gaacgtgccg ccgttcttcg aggatatctg ggacgtcctc gagtaaaa 948 7 314 PRT Spodoptera exigua 7 Arg Pro Glu Cys Val Val Pro Glu Asn Gln Cys Ala Met Lys Arg Lys 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Lys Ala Gln Arg Glu Lys Asp Lys Leu Pro Val Ser Thr Thr 20 25 30 Thr Val Asp Asp His Met Pro Pro Ile Met Gln Cys Asp Pro Pro Pro 35 40 45 Pro Glu Ala Ala Arg Ile His Glu Val Val Pro Arg Phe Leu Asn Glu 50 55 60 Lys Leu Met Glu Arg Thr Arg Leu Arg Asn Val Pro Pro Leu Thr Ala 65 70 75 80 Asn Gln Lys Ser Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Val Trp Tyr Gln Glu Gly Tyr 85 90 95 Glu Gln Pro Ser Glu Glu Asp Leu Lys Arg Val Thr Gln Ser Asp Glu 100 105 110 Asp Glu Glu Glu Ser Asp Met Pro Phe Arg Gln Ile Thr Glu Met Thr 115 120 125 Ile Leu Thr Val Gln Leu Ile Val Glu Phe Ala Lys Gly Leu Pro Ala 130 135 140 Phe Ala Lys Ile Ser Gln Ser Asp Gln Ile Thr Leu Leu Lys Ala Cys 145 150 155 160 Ser Ser Glu Val Met Met Leu Arg Val Ala Arg Arg Tyr Asp Ala Ala 165 170 175 Thr Asp Ser Val Leu Phe Ala Asn Asn Gln Ala Tyr Thr Arg Asp Asn 180 185 190 Tyr Arg Lys Ala Gly Met Ala Tyr Val Ile Glu Asp Leu Leu His Phe 195 200 205 Cys Arg Cys Met Tyr Ser Met Met Met Asp Asn Val His Tyr Ala Leu 210 215 220 Leu Thr Ala Ile Val Ile Phe Ser Asp Arg Pro Gly Leu Glu Leu Thr 225 230 235 240 Leu Leu Val Glu Glu Ile Gln Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Asn Thr Leu Arg Val 245 250 255 Tyr Ile Leu Asn Gln Asn Ser Arg Ser Pro Cys Cys Pro Val Ile Tyr 260 265 270 Ala Lys Ile Leu Gly Ile Leu Thr Glu Leu Arg Thr Leu Gly Met Gln 275 280 285 Asn Ser Asn Met Cys Ile Ser Leu Lys Leu Lys Asn Arg Asn Val Pro 290 295 300 Pro Phe Phe Glu Asp Ile Asp Trp Asp Val 305 310 8 878 PRT Drosophila melanogaster 8 Met Lys Arg Arg Trp Ser Asn Asn Gly Gly Phe Met Arg Leu Pro Glu 1 5 10 15 Glu Ser Ser Ser Glu Val Thr Ser Ser Ser Asn Gly Leu Val Leu Pro 20 25 30 Ser Gly Val Asn Met Ser Pro Ser Ser Leu Asp Ser His Asp Tyr Cys 35 40 45 Asp Asn Asp Lys Trp Leu Cys Gly Asn Glu Ser Gly Ser Phe Gly Gly 50 55 60 Ser Asn Gly His Gly Leu Ser Gln Gln Gln Gln Ser Val Ile Thr Leu 65 70 75 80 Ala Met His Gly Cys Ser Ser Thr Leu Pro Ala Gln Thr Thr Ile Ile 85 90 95 Pro Ile Asn Gly Asn Ala Asn Gly Asn Gly Gly Ser Thr Asn Gly Gln 100 105 110 Tyr Val Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Leu Gly Ala Leu Ala Asn Gly Met Leu 115 120 125 Asn Gly Gly Phe Asn Gly Met Gln Gln Gln Ile Gln Asn Gly His Gly 130 135 140 Leu Ile Asn Ser Thr Thr Pro Ser Thr Pro Thr Thr Pro Leu His Leu 145 150 155 160 Gln Gln Asn Leu Gly Gly Ala Gly Gly Gly Gly Ile Gly Gly Met Gly 165 170 175 Ile Leu His His Ala Asn Gly Thr Pro Asn Gly Leu Ile Gly Val Val 180 185 190 Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Val Gly Leu Gly Val Gly Gly Gly Gly Val Gly 195 200 205 Gly Leu Gly Met Gln His Thr Pro Arg Ser Asp Ser Val Asn Ser Ile 210 215 220 Ser Ser Gly Arg Asp Asp Leu Ser Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Asn Gly Tyr 225 230 235 240 Ser Ala Asn Glu Ser Cys Asp Ala Lys Lys Ser Lys Lys Gly Pro Ala 245 250 255 Pro Arg Val Gln Glu Glu Leu Cys Leu Val Cys Gly Asp Arg Ala Ser 260 265 270 Gly Tyr His Tyr Asn Ala Leu Thr Cys Glu Gly Cys Lys Gly Phe Phe 275 280 285 Arg Arg Ser Val Thr Lys Ser Ala Val Tyr Cys Cys Lys Phe Gly Arg 290 295 300 Ala Cys Glu Met Asp Met Tyr Met Arg Arg Lys Cys Gln Glu Cys Arg 305 310 315 320 Leu Lys Lys Cys Leu Ala Val Gly Met Arg Pro Gly Cys Val Val Pro 325 330 335 Gly Asn Gln Cys Ala Met Lys Arg Arg Glu Lys Lys Ala Gln Lys Glu 340 345 350 Lys Asp Lys Met Thr Thr Ser Pro Ser Ser Gln His Gly Gly Asn Gly 355 360 365 Ser Leu Ala Ser Gly Gly Gly Gln Asp Phe Val Lys Lys Glu Ile Leu 370 375 380 Asp Leu Met Thr Cys Glu Pro Pro Gln His Ala Thr Ile Pro Leu Leu 385 390 395 400 Pro Asp Glu Ile Leu Ala Lys Cys Gln Ala Arg Asn Ile Pro Ser Leu 405 410 415 Thr Tyr Asn Gln Leu Ala Val Ile Thr Lys Leu Ile Trp Tyr Gln Asp 420 425 430 Gly Tyr Glu Gln Pro Ser Glu Glu Asp Leu Arg Arg Ile Met Ser Gln 435 440 445 Pro Asp Glu Asn Glu Ser Gln Thr Asp Val Ser Phe Arg His Ile Thr 450 455 460 Glu Ile Thr Ile Leu Thr Val Gln Leu Ile Val Glu Phe Ala Lys Gly 465 470 475 480 Leu Pro Ala Phe Thr Lys Ile Pro Gln Glu Asp Gln Ile Thr Leu Leu 485 490 495 Lys Ala Cys Ser Ser Glu Val Met Met Leu Arg Met Ala Arg Arg Tyr 500 505 510 Asp His Ser Ser Asp Ser Ile Phe Phe Ala Asn Asn Arg Ser Tyr Thr 515 520 525 Arg Asp Ser Tyr Lys Met Ala Gly Met Ala Asp Asn Ile Glu Asp Leu 530 535 540 Leu His Phe Cys Arg Gln Met Phe Ser Met Lys Val Asp Asn Val Glu 545 550 555 560 Tyr Ala Leu Leu Thr Ala Ile Val Ile Phe Ser Asp Arg Pro Gly Leu 565 570 575 Glu Lys Ala Gln Leu Val Glu Ala Ile Gln Ser Tyr Tyr Ile Asp Thr 580 585 590 Leu Arg Ile Thr Ile Leu Asn Arg His Cys Gly Asp Ser Met Ser Leu 595 600 605 Val Phe Tyr Ala Lys Leu Leu Ser Ile Leu Thr Glu Leu Arg Thr Leu 610 615 620 Gly Asn Gln Asn Ala Glu Met Cys Phe Ser Leu Lys Leu Lys Asn Arg 625 630 635 640 Lys Leu Pro Lys Phe Leu Glu Glu Ile Trp Asp Val His Ala Ile Pro 645 650 655 Pro Ser Val Gln Ser His Leu Gln Ile Thr Gln Glu Glu Asp Glu Arg 660 665 670 Leu Glu Arg Ala Glu Arg Met Arg Ala Ser Val Gly Gly Ala Ile Thr 675 680 685 Ala Gly Ile Asp Cys Asp Ser Ala Ser Thr Ser Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala 690 695 700 Ala Gln His Gln Pro Gln Pro Gln Pro Gln Pro Gln Pro Ser Ser Leu 705 710 715 720 Thr Gln Asn Asp Ser Gln His Gln Thr Gln Pro Gln Leu Gln Pro Gln 725 730 735 Leu Pro Pro Gln Leu Gln Gly Gln Leu Gln Pro Gln Leu Gln Pro Gln 740 745 750 Leu Gln Thr Gln Leu Gln Pro Gln Ile Gln Pro Gln Pro Gln Leu Leu 755 760 765 Pro Val Ser Ala Pro Val Pro Ala Ser Val Thr Ala Pro Gly Ser Leu 770 775 780 Ser Ala Val Ser Thr Ser Ser Glu Tyr Met Gly Gly Ser Ala Ala Ile 785 790 795 800 Gly Pro Ile Thr Pro Ala Thr Thr Ser Ser Ile Thr Ala Ala Val Thr 805 810 815 Ala Ser Ser Thr Thr Ser Ala Val Pro Met Gly Asn Gly Val Gly Val 820 825 830 Gly Val Gly Val Gly Gly Asn Val Ser Met Tyr Ala Asn Ala Gln Thr 835 840 845 Ala Met Ala Leu Met Gly Val Ala Leu His Ser His Gln Gln Gln Leu 850 855 860 Ile Gly Gly Val Ala Val Lys Ser Glu His Ser Thr Thr Ala 865 870 875 9 536 PRT Chironomus tentans 9 Met Lys Thr Glu Asn Leu Ile Val Thr Thr Val Lys Val Glu Pro Leu 1 5 10 15 Asn Tyr Ala Ser Gln Ser Phe Gly Asp Asn Asn Ile Tyr Gly Gly Ala 20 25 30 Thr Lys Lys Gln Arg Leu Glu Ser Asp Glu Thr Met Asn His Asn Gln 35 40 45 Thr Asn Met Asn Leu Glu Ser Ser Asn Met Asn His Asn Thr Ile Ser 50 55 60 Gly Phe Ser Ser Pro Asp Val Asn Tyr Glu Ala Tyr Ser Pro Asn Ser 65 70 75 80 Lys Leu Asp Asp Gly Asn Met Ser Val His Met Gly Asp Gly Leu Asp 85 90 95 Gly Lys Lys Ser Ser Ser Lys Lys Gly Pro Val Pro Arg Gln Gln Glu 100 105 110 Glu Leu Cys Leu Val Cys Gly Asp Arg Ala Ser Gly Tyr His Tyr Asn 115 120 125 Ala Leu Thr Cys Glu Gly Cys Lys Gly Phe Phe Arg Arg Ser Val Thr 130 135 140 Lys Asn Ala Val Tyr Cys Cys Lys Phe Gly His Glu Cys Glu Met Asp 145 150 155 160 Met Tyr Met Arg Arg Lys Cys Gln Glu Cys Arg Leu Lys Lys Cys Leu 165 170 175 Ala Val Gly Met Arg Pro Glu Cys Val Val Pro Glu Asn Gln Cys Ala 180 185 190 Ile Lys Arg Lys Glu Lys Lys Ala Gln Lys Glu Lys Asp Lys Val Pro 195 200 205 Gly Ile Val Gly Ser Asn Thr Ser Ser Ser Ser Leu Leu Asn Gln Ser 210 215 220 Leu Asn Asn Gly Ser Leu Lys Asn Leu Glu Ile Ser Tyr Arg Glu Glu 225 230 235 240 Leu Leu Gln Gln Leu Met Lys Cys Asp Pro Pro Pro His Pro Met Gln 245 250 255 Gln Leu Leu Pro Glu Lys Leu Leu Met Glu Asn Arg Ala Lys Gly Thr 260 265 270 Pro Gln Leu Thr Ala Asn Gln Val Ala Val Ile Tyr Lys Leu Ile Trp 275 280 285 Tyr Gln Asp Gly Tyr Glu Gln Pro Ser Glu Glu Asp Leu Lys Arg Ile 290 295 300 Thr Thr Glu Leu Glu Glu Glu Glu Asp Gln Glu His Glu Ala Asn Phe 305 310 315 320 Arg Tyr Ile Thr Glu Val Thr Ile Leu Thr Val Gln Leu Ile Val Glu 325 330 335 Phe Ala Lys Gly Leu Pro Ala Phe Ile Lys Ile Pro Gln Glu Asp Gln 340 345 350 Ile Thr Leu Leu Lys Ala Cys Ser Ser Glu Val Met Met Leu Arg Met 355 360 365 Ala Arg Arg Tyr Asp His Asp Ser Asp Ser Ile Leu Phe Ala Asn Asn 370 375 380 Thr Ala Tyr Thr Lys Gln Thr Tyr Gln Leu Ala Gly Met Glu Glu Thr 385 390 395 400 Ile Asp Asp Leu Leu His Phe Cys Arg Gln Met Tyr Ala Leu Ser Ile 405 410 415 Asp Asn Val Glu Thr Ala Leu Leu Thr Ala Ile Val Ile Phe Ser Asp 420 425 430 Arg Pro Gly Leu Glu Lys Ala Glu Met Val Asp Ile Ile Gln Ser Tyr 435 440 445 Tyr Thr Glu Thr Leu Lys Val Tyr Ile Val Arg Asp His Gly Gly Glu 450 455 460 Ser Arg Cys Ser Val Gln Phe Ala Lys Leu Leu Gly Ile Leu Thr Glu 465 470 475 480 Leu Arg Thr Met Gly Asn Leu Asn Ser Glu Met Cys Phe Ser Leu Lys 485 490 495 Leu Arg Asn Arg Lys Leu Pro Arg Phe Leu Glu Glu Val Trp Asp Val 500 505 510 Gly Asp Val Asn Asn Gln Thr Thr Ala Thr Thr Asn Thr Glu Asn Ile 515 520 525 Val Arg Glu Arg Ile Asn Arg Asn 530 535 10 606 PRT Bombyx mori 10 Met Arg Val Glu Asn Val Asp Asn Val Ser Phe Ala Leu Asn Gly Arg 1 5 10 15 Ala Asp Glu Trp Cys Met Ser Val Glu Thr Arg Leu Asp Ser Leu Val 20 25 30 Arg Glu Lys Ser Glu Val Lys Ala Tyr Val Gly Gly Cys Pro Ser Val 35 40 45 Ile Thr Asp Ala Gly Ala Tyr Asp Ala Leu Phe Asp Met Arg Arg Arg 50 55 60 Trp Ser Asn Asn Gly Gly Phe Pro Leu Arg Met Leu Glu Glu Ser Ser 65 70 75 80 Ser Glu Val Thr Ser Ser Ser Ala Leu Gly Leu Pro Pro Ala Met Val 85 90 95 Met Ser Pro Glu Ser Leu Ala Ser Pro Glu Tyr Gly Ala Leu Glu Leu 100 105 110 Trp Ser Tyr Asp Asp Gly Ile Thr Tyr Asn Thr Ala Gln Ser Leu Leu 115 120 125 Gly Ala Cys Asn Met Gln Gln Gln Gln Leu Gln Pro Gln Gln Pro His 130 135 140 Pro Ala Pro Pro Thr Leu Pro Thr Met Pro Leu Pro Met Pro Pro Thr 145 150 155 160 Thr Pro Lys Ser Glu Asn Glu Ser Met Ser Ser Gly Arg Glu Glu Leu 165 170 175 Ser Pro Ala Ser Ser Ile Asn Gly Cys Ser Ala Asp Ala Asp Ala Arg 180 185 190 Arg Gln Lys Lys Gly Pro Ala Pro Arg Gln Gln Glu Glu Leu Cys Leu 195 200 205 Val Cys Gly Asp Arg Ala Ser Gly Tyr His Tyr Asn Ala Leu Thr Cys 210 215 220 Glu Gly Cys Lys Gly Phe Phe Arg Arg Ser Val Thr Lys Asn Ala Val 225 230 235 240 Tyr Ile Cys Lys Phe Gly His Ala Cys Glu Met Asp Met Tyr Met Arg 245 250 255 Arg Lys Cys Gln Glu Cys Arg Leu Lys Lys Cys Leu Ala Val Gly Met 260 265 270 Arg Pro Glu Cys Val Ile Gln Glu Pro Ser Lys Asn Lys Asp Arg Gln 275 280 285 Arg Gln Lys Lys Asp Lys Gly Ile Leu Leu Pro Val Ser Thr Thr Thr 290 295 300 Val Glu Asp His Met Pro Pro Ile Met Gln Cys Asp Pro Pro Pro Pro 305 310 315 320 Glu Ala Ala Arg Ile His Glu Val Val Pro Arg Tyr Leu Ser Glu Lys 325 330 335 Leu Met Glu Gln Asn Arg Gln Lys Asn Ile Pro Pro Leu Ser Ala Asn 340 345 350 Gln Lys Ser Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Val Trp Tyr Gln Glu Gly Tyr Glu 355 360 365 Gln Pro Ser Asp Glu Asp Leu Lys Arg Val Thr Gln Thr Trp Gln Ser 370 375 380 Asp Glu Glu Asp Glu Glu Ser Asp Leu Pro Phe Arg Gln Ile Thr Glu 385 390 395 400 Met Thr Ile Leu Thr Val Gln Leu Ile Val Glu Phe Ala Lys Gly Leu 405 410 415 Pro Gly Phe Ser Lys Ile Ser Gln Ser Asp Gln Ile Thr Leu Leu Lys 420 425 430 Ala Ser Ser Ser Glu Val Met Met Leu Arg Val Ala Arg Arg Tyr Asp 435 440 445 Ala Ala Ser Asp Ser Val Leu Phe Ala Asn Asn Lys Ala Tyr Thr Arg 450 455 460 Asp Asn Tyr Arg Gln Gly Gly Met Ala Tyr Val Ile Glu Asp Leu Leu 465 470 475 480 His Phe Cys Arg Cys Met Phe Ala Met Gly Met Asp Asn Val His Phe 485 490 495 Ala Leu Leu Thr Ala Ile Val Ile Phe Ser Asp Arg Pro Gly Leu Glu 500 505 510 Gln Pro Ser Leu Val Glu Glu Ile Gln Arg Tyr Tyr Leu Asn Thr Leu 515 520 525 Arg Ile Tyr Ile Ile Asn Gln Asn Ser Ala Ser Ser Arg Cys Ala Val 530 535 540 Ile Tyr Gly Arg Ile Leu Ser Val Leu Thr Glu Leu Arg Thr Leu Gly 545 550 555 560 Thr Gln Asn Ser Asn Met Cys Ile Ser Leu Lys Leu Lys Asn Arg Lys 565 570 575 Leu Pro Pro Phe Leu Glu Glu Ile Trp Asp Val Ala Glu Val Ala Arg 580 585 590 Arg His Pro Thr Val Leu Pro Pro Thr Asn Pro Val Val Leu 595 600 605 11 556 PRT Manduca sexta 11 Met Arg Arg Arg Trp Ser Asn Asn Gly Cys Phe Pro Leu Arg Met Phe 1 5 10 15 Glu Glu Ser Ser Ser Glu Val Thr Ser Ser Ser Ala Phe Gly Met Pro 20 25 30 Ala Ala Met Val Met Ser Pro Glu Ser Leu Ala Ser Pro Glu Tyr Gly 35 40 45 Gly Leu Glu Leu Trp Ser Tyr Asp Glu Thr Met Thr Asn Tyr Pro Ala 50 55 60 Gln Ser Leu Leu Gly Ala Cys Asn Ala Pro Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln Gln 65 70 75 80 Gln Gln Gln Gln Pro Ser Ala Gln Pro Leu Pro Ser Met Pro Leu Pro 85 90 95 Met Pro Pro Thr Thr Pro Lys Ser Glu Asn Glu Ser Met Ser Ser Gly 100 105 110 Arg Glu Glu Leu Ser Pro Ala Ser Ser Ile Asn Gly Cys Ser Thr Asp 115 120 125 Gly Glu Pro Arg Arg Gln Lys Lys Gly Pro Ala Pro Arg Gln Gln Glu 130 135 140 Glu Leu Cys Leu Val Cys Gly Asp Arg Ala Ser Gly Tyr His Tyr Asn 145 150 155 160 Ala Leu Thr Cys Glu Gly Cys Lys Gly Phe Phe Arg Arg Ser Val Thr 165 170 175 Lys Asn Ala Val Tyr Ile Cys Lys Phe Gly His Ala Cys Glu Met Asp 180 185 190 Met Tyr Met Arg Arg Lys Cys Gln Glu Cys Arg Leu Lys Lys Cys Leu 195 200 205 Ala Val Gly Met Arg Pro Glu Cys Val Val Pro Glu Ser Thr Cys Lys 210 215 220 Asn Lys Arg Arg Glu Lys Glu Ala Gln Arg Glu Lys Asp Lys Leu Pro 225 230 235 240 Val Ser Thr Thr Thr Val Asp Asp His Met Pro Ala Ile Met Gln Cys 245 250 255 Asp Pro Pro Pro Pro Glu Ala Ala Arg Ile His Glu Val Val Pro Arg 260 265 270 Phe Leu Thr Glu Lys Leu Met Glu Gln Asn Arg Leu Lys Asn Val Thr 275 280 285 Pro Leu Ser Ala Asn Gln Lys Ser Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Val Met Tyr 290 295 300 Gln Glu Gly Tyr Glu Gln Pro Ser Glu Glu Asp Leu Lys Arg Val Thr 305 310 315 320 Gln Thr Trp Gln Leu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Glu Thr Asp Met Pro 325 330 335 Phe Arg Gln Ile Thr Glu Met Thr Ile Leu Thr Val Gln Leu Ile Val 340 345 350 Glu Phe Ala Lys Gly Leu Pro Gly Phe Ser Lys Ile Ser Gln Ser Asp 355 360 365 Gln Ile Thr Leu Leu Lys Ala Ser Ser Ser Glu Val Met Met Leu Arg 370 375 380 Val Ala Arg Arg Tyr Asp Ala Ala Thr Asp Ser Val Leu Phe Ala Asn 385 390 395 400 Asn Gln Ala Tyr Thr Arg Asp Asn Tyr Arg Lys Ala Gly Met Ser Tyr 405 410 415 Val Ile Glu Asp Leu Leu His Phe Cys Arg Cys Met Tyr Ser Met Ser 420 425 430 Met Asp Asn Val His Tyr Ala Leu Leu Thr Ala Ile Val Ile Phe Ser 435 440 445 Asp Arg Pro Gly Leu Glu Gln Pro Leu Leu Val Glu Glu Ile Gln Arg 450 455 460 Tyr Tyr Leu Lys Thr Leu Arg Val Tyr Ile Leu Asn Gln His Ser Ala 465 470 475 480 Ser Pro Arg Cys Ala Val Leu Phe Gly Lys Ile Leu Gly Val Leu Thr 485 490 495 Glu Leu Arg Thr Leu Gly Thr Gln Asn Ser Asn Met Cys Ile Ser Leu 500 505 510 Lys Leu Lys Asn Arg Lys Leu Pro Pro Phe Leu Glu Glu Ile Trp Asp 515 520 525 Val Ala Glu Val Ser Thr Thr Gln Pro Thr Pro Gly Val Ala Ala Gln 530 535 540 Val Thr Pro Ile Val Val Asp Asn Pro Ala Ala Leu 545 550 555 12 675 PRT Aedes aegypti 12 Met Met Lys Arg Arg Trp Ser Asn Asn Gly Gly Phe Thr Ala Leu Arg 1 5 10 15 Met Leu Asp Asp Ser Ser Ser Glu Val Thr Ser Ser Ser Ala Ala Leu 20 25 30 Gly Met Thr Met Ser Pro Asn Ser Leu Gly Ser Pro Asn Tyr Asp Glu 35 40 45 Leu Glu Leu Trp Ser Ser Tyr Glu Asp Asn Ala Tyr Asn Gly His Ser 50 55 60 Val Leu Ser Asn Gly Asn Asn Asn Leu Gly Gly Cys Gly Ala Ala Asn 65 70 75 80 Asn Leu Leu Met Asn Gly Ile Val Gly Asn Asn Asn Leu Asn Gly Met 85 90 95 Met Asn Met Ala Ser Gln Ala Val Gln Ala Asn Ala Asn Ser Ile Gln 100 105 110 His Ile Val Gly Asn Leu Ile Asn Gly Val Asn Pro Asn Gln Thr Leu 115 120 125 Ile Pro Pro Leu Pro Ser Ile Ile Gln Asn Thr Leu Met Asn Thr Pro 130 135 140 Arg Ser Glu Ser Val Asn Ser Ile Ser Ser Gly Arg Glu Asp Leu Ser 145 150 155 160 Pro Ser Ser Ser Leu Asn Gly Tyr Thr Asp Gly Ser Asp Ala Lys Lys 165 170 175 Gln Lys Lys Gly Pro Thr Pro Arg Gln Gln Glu Glu Leu Cys Leu Val 180 185 190 Cys Gly Asp Arg Ala Ser Gly Tyr His Tyr Asn Ala Leu Thr Cys Glu 195 200 205 Gly Cys Lys Gly Phe Phe Arg Arg Ser Val Thr Lys Asn Ala Val Tyr 210 215 220 Cys Cys Lys Phe Gly His Ala Cys Glu Met Asp Met Tyr Met Arg Arg 225 230 235 240 Lys Cys Gln Glu Cys Arg Leu Lys Lys Cys Leu Ala Val Gly Met Arg 245 250 255 Pro Glu Cys Val Val Pro Glu Asn Gln Cys Ala Ile Lys Arg Lys Glu 260 265 270 Lys Lys Ala Gln Lys Glu Lys Asp Lys Val Gln Thr Asn Ala Thr Val 275 280 285 Ser Thr Thr Asn Ser Thr Tyr Arg Ser Glu Ile Leu Pro Ile Leu Met 290 295 300 Lys Cys Asp Pro Pro Pro His Gln Ala Ile Pro Leu Leu Pro Glu Lys 305 310 315 320 Leu Leu Gln Glu Asn Arg Leu Arg Asn Ile Pro Leu Leu Thr Ala Asn 325 330 335 Gln Met Ala Val Ile Tyr Lys Leu Ile Trp Tyr Gln Asp Gly Tyr Glu 340 345 350 Gln Pro Ser Glu Glu Asp Leu Lys Arg Ile Met Ile Gly Ser Pro Asn 355 360 365 Glu Glu Glu Asp Gln His Asp Val His Phe Arg His Ile Thr Glu Ile 370 375 380 Thr Ile Leu Thr Val Gln Leu Ile Val Glu Phe Ala Lys Gly Leu Pro 385 390 395 400 Ala Phe Thr Lys Ile Pro Gln Glu Asp Gln Ile Thr Leu Leu Lys Ala 405 410 415 Cys Ser Ser Glu Val Met Met Leu Arg Met Ala Arg Arg Tyr Asp Ala 420 425 430 Ala Thr Asp Ser Ile Leu Phe Ala Asn Asn Arg Ser Tyr Thr Arg Asp 435 440 445 Ser Tyr Arg Met Ala Gly Met Ala Asp Thr Ile Glu Asp Leu Leu His 450 455 460 Phe Cys Arg Gln Met Phe Ser Leu Thr Val Asp Asn Val Glu Tyr Ala 465 470 475 480 Leu Leu Thr Ala Ile Val Ile Phe Ser Asp Arg Pro Gly Leu Glu Gln 485 490 495 Ala Glu Leu Val Glu His Ile Gln Ser Tyr Tyr Ile Asp Thr Leu Arg 500 505 510 Ile Tyr Ile Leu Asn Arg His Ala Gly Asp Pro Lys Cys Ser Val Ile 515 520 525 Phe Ala Lys Leu Leu Ser Ile Leu Thr Glu Leu Arg Thr Leu Gly Asn 530 535 540 Gln Asn Ser Glu Met Cys Phe Ser Leu Lys Leu Lys Asn Arg Lys Leu 545 550 555 560 Pro Arg Phe Leu Glu Glu Ile Trp Asp Val Gln Asp Ile Pro Pro Ser 565 570 575 Met Gln Ala Gln Met His Ser His Gly Thr Gln Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser 580 585 590 Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Ser Asn Gly Ser Ser Asn Gly Asn Ser 595 600 605 Ser Ser Asn Ser Asn Ser Ser Gln His Gly Pro His Pro His Pro His 610 615 620 Gly Gln Gln Leu Thr Pro Asn Gln Gln Gln His Gln Gln Gln His Ser 625 630 635 640 Gln Leu Gln Gln Val His Ala Asn Gly Ser Gly Ser Gly Gly Gly Ser 645 650 655 Asn Asn Asn Ser Ser Ser Gly Gly Val Val Pro Gly Leu Gly Met Leu 660 665 670 Asp Gln Val 675 13 319 PRT Heliothis virescens 13 Arg Pro Glu Cys Val Val Pro Glu Asn Gln Cys Ala Met Lys Arg Lys 1 5 10 15 Glu Lys Lys Ala Gln Arg Glu Lys Asp Lys Leu Pro Val Ser Thr Thr 20 25 30 Thr Val Asp Asp His Met Pro Pro Ile Met Gln Cys Asp Pro Pro Pro 35 40 45 Pro Glu Ala Ala Arg Ile Leu Glu Cys Val Gln His Glu Val Val Pro 50 55 60 Arg Phe Leu Asn Glu Lys Leu Met Glu Gln Asn Arg Leu Lys Asn Val 65 70 75 80 Pro Pro Leu Thr Ala Asn Gln Lys Ser Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Val Trp 85 90 95 Tyr Gln Glu Gly Tyr Glu Gln Pro Ser Glu Glu Asp Leu Lys Arg Val 100 105 110 Thr Gln Ser Asp Glu Asp Asp Glu Asp Ser Asp Met Pro Phe Arg Gln 115 120 125 Ile Thr Glu Met Thr Ile Leu Thr Val Gln Leu Ile Val Glu Phe Ala 130 135 140 Lys Gly Leu Pro Gly Phe Ala Lys Ile Ser Gln Ser Asp Gln Ile Thr 145 150 155 160 Leu Leu Lys Ala Cys Ser Ser Glu Val Met Met Leu Arg Val Ala Arg 165 170 175 Arg Tyr Asp Ala Ala Thr Asp Ser Val Leu Phe Ala Asn Asn Gln Ala 180 185 190 Tyr Thr Arg Asp Asn Tyr Arg Lys Ala Gly Met Ala Tyr Val Ile Glu 195 200 205 Asp Leu Leu His Phe Cys Arg Cys Met Tyr Ser Met Met Met Asp Asn 210 215 220 Val His Tyr Ala Leu Leu Thr Ala Ile Val Ile Phe Ser Asp Arg Pro 225 230 235 240 Gly Leu Glu Gln Pro Leu Leu Val Glu Glu Ile Gln Arg Tyr Tyr Leu 245 250 255 Asn Thr Leu Arg Val Tyr Ile Leu Asn Gln Asn Ser Ala Ser Pro Arg 260 265 270 Gly Ala Val Ile Phe Gly Glu Ile Leu Gly Ile Leu Thr Glu Ile Arg 275 280 285 Thr Leu Gly Met Gln Asn Ser Asn Met Cys Ile Ser Leu Lys Leu Lys 290 295 300 Lys Arg Lys Leu Pro Pro Phe Leu Glu Glu Ile Asp Trp Asp Val 305 310 315 14 8 PRT Artificial Conserved motif within DNA binding domain of RAR and THR receptors 14 Cys Glu Gly Cys Lys Gly Phe Phe 1 5 15 23 DNA Artificial Degenerate sense oligonucleotide 15 tgygarggnt gyaargantt ytt 23 16 8 PRT Artificial Peptide sequence corresponding to conserved motif used for degenerate antisense oligonucleotide 16 Cys Gln Xaa Cys Arg Xaa Lys Lys 1 5 17 23 DNA Artificial Degenerate oligo ZnFA3′ 17 ttyttnagnc grcaytcytg rca 23 18 23 DNA Artificial Degenerate oligo ZnFB3′ 18 ttyttnaanc grcaytcytg rca 23 19 23 DNA Artificial Degenerate oligo ZnFC3′ 19 ttyttnagnc trcaytcytg rca 23 20 23 DNA Artificial Degenerate oligo ZnFD3′ 20 ttyttnaanc trcaytcytg rca 23 21 39 DNA Artificial PCR sense oligonucleotide used to isolate the full 5′ end sequence of H. virescens gene 21 aattaagctt ccaccatgcc gttaccaatg ccaccgaca 39 22 20 DNA Artificial Antisense primer used to isolate correct 5′ end of H. virescens gene 22 cttcaaccga cactcctgac 20 23 22 DNA Artificial Sense primer used to isolate correct 5′ end of H. virescens gene 23 cagctccagg ccgccgatct cg 22 24 48 DNA Artificial Anchor primer used to isolate correct 5′ end of H. virescens gene 24 cuacuacuac uaggccacgc gtcgactagt acgggnnggg nngggnng 48 25 32 DNA Artificial Universal amplification primer used to isolate correct 5′ end of H. virescens gene 25 caucaucauc auggccacgc gtcgactagt ac 32 26 27 DNA Artificial Primer used to isolate correct 5′ end of H. virescens gene 26 acgtcacctc agacgagctc tccattc 27 27 24 DNA Artificial Primer used to confirm correct 5′ end of H. virescens gene 27 cgctggtata acaacggacc attc 24 28 48 DNA Artificial Primer used to incorporate HindIII site, Kozak consensus sequence, and Met-Arg-Arg into third effector construct 28 attaagcttg ccgccatgcg ccgacgctgg tataacaacg gaccattc 48 29 39 DNA Artificial Sense oligo used to introduce HindIII site and Kozak consensus sequence into fourth effector construct 29 attaagcttg ccgccatgtc cctcggcgct cgtggatac 39 30 137 DNA Artificial Oligo that is complementary to SEQ ID NO 31, which when annealed encode tandem repeats of the ecdysone response element flanked by SpeI and ClaI sites 30 ctagtagaca agggttcaat gcacttgtcc aataagctta gacaagggtt caatgcactt 60 gtccaatgaa ttcagacaag ggttcaatgc acttgtccaa tctgcagaga caagggttca 120 atgcacttgt ccaatat 137 31 135 DNA Artificial Oligo that is complementary to SEQ ID NO 30, which when annealed encode tandem repeats of the ecdysone response element flanked by SpeI and ClaI sites 31 cgatattgga caagtgcatt gaacccttgt ctctgcagat tggacaagtg cattgaaccc 60 ttgtctgaat tcattggaca agtgcattga acccttgtct aagcttattg gacaagtgca 120 ttgaaccctt gtcta 135 32 38 DNA Artificial PCR primer used to incorporate an EcoRI site and a Kozak consensus seuqence into an expression construct 32 attgaattcc accatggact ccaaagaatc attaactc 38 33 42 DNA Artificial 3′ primer used to incorporate an XhoI site in frame with the reading frame at amino acid 500 of the human glucocorticoid receptor 33 gagactcctg tagtggcctc gagcattcct tttatttttt tc 42 34 31 DNA Artificial 5′ primer incorporating an XhoI site at amino acid 500 of the human glucocorticoid receptor 34 attctcgaga ttcagcaggc cactacagga g 31 35 32 DNA Artificial 3′ primer used to incorporate an EcoRI site 400 bp downstream of the human glucocorticoid receptor ORF 35 attgaattca atgctatcgt aactatacag gg 32 36 35 DNA Artificial 5′ oligo containing a SalI site at the beginning of the hinge region of the Drosophila ecdysone receptor cDNA 36 attgtcgaca acggccggaa tggctcgtcc cggag 35 37 48 DNA Artificial 3′ oligo used to incorporate a BamHI site adjacent to the stop codon of the Drosophila ecdysone receptor cDNA 37 tcgggctttg ttaggatcct aagccgtggt cgaatgctcc gacttaac 48 38 35 DNA Artificial Oligo used to incorporate a SalI site at the DNAbinding/hinge domain junction of hte Heliothis ecdysone receptor cDNA 38 attgtcgaca aaggcccgag tgcgtggtgc cggag 35 39 24 DNA Artificial Primer used to achieve PCR-mediated mutagenesis adding a SalI site downstream of the DNA binding/hinge domain jucntion 39 tcacattgca tgatgggagg catg 24 40 82 DNA Artificial Oligo that anneals to SEQ ID NO 41 to produce a double-stranded DNA encoding six copies of hte glucocorticoid response element flanked by HindIII and SalI sites 40 agcttcgact gtacaggatg ttctagctac tcgagtagct agaacatcct gtacagtcga 60 gtagctagaa catcctgtac ag 82 41 82 DNA Artificial Oligo that anneals to SEQ ID NO 40 to produce a double-stranded DNA encoding six copies of hte glucocorticoid response element flanked by HindIII and SalI sites 41 tcgactgtac aggatgttct agctactcga ctgtacagga tgttctagct actcgagtcg 60 ctagaacatc ctgtacagtc ga 82 42 78 DNA Artificial Oligo that anneals to SEQ ID NO 43 to produce a double-stranded DNA encoding six copies of hte glucocorticoid response element flanked by SalI and BanHI sites 42 tcgactagct agaacatcct gtacagtcga gtagctagaa catcctgtac agtcgagtag 60 ctagaacatc ctgtacag 78 43 78 DNA Artificial Oligo that anneals to SEQ ID NO 42 to produce a double-stranded DNA encoding six copies of hte glucocorticoid response element flanked by SalI and BanHI sites 43 gatcctgtac aggatgttct agctactcga ctgtacagga tgttctagct actcgactgt 60 acaggatgtt ctagctag 78 44 104 DNA Artificial 5′ oligo used with SEQ ID NO 45 to incorporate 4 copies of the glucocorticoid response element flanked by SpeI and AflII sites into pSWBGAL 44 ctagttgtac aggatgttct agctactcga gtagctagaa catcctgtac agtcgagtag 60 ctagaacatc ctgtacagtc gagtagctag aacatcctgt acac 104 45 104 DNA Artificial 3′ oligo used with SEQ ID NO 44 to incorporate 4 copies of the glucocorticoid response element flanked by SpeI and AflII site into pSWBGAL 45 ttaagtgtac aggatgttct agctactcga ctgtacagga tgttctagct actcgactgt 60 acaggatgtt ctagctactc gagtagctag aacatcctgt acaa 104 46 15 DNA Artificial Oligo that in conjunction with SEQ ID NO 47 creates an ApaI/NotI linker 46 cattggatcc ttagc 15 47 23 DNA Artificial Oligo that in conjunction with SEQ ID NO 46 creates an ApaI/NotI linker 47 ggccgctaag gatccaatgg gcc 23 48 32 DNA Artificial 5′ oligo used to introduce an NcoI site into amino acid 259 of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor ORF 48 aattccatgg tacgacgaca gtagacgatc ac 32 49 29 DNA Artificial 3′ oligo used to introduce an XbaI site flanking amino acid 571 of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor ORF 49 ctgaggtcta gagacggtgg cgggcggcc 29 50 31 DNA Artificial 5′ oligo used to introduce Kozak consensus sequences, a methionine start codon, and an coding sequence up to amino acid 152 of the glucocorticoid receptor, with an upstream EcoRI site 50 atatgaattc caccatggac tccaaagaat c 31 51 36 DNA Artificial 3′ oligo used to introduce Kozak consensus sequences, a methionine start codon, and an coding sequence up to amino acid 152 of the glucocorticoid receptor, and a downstream NheI site 51 atatgctagc tgtgggggca gcagacacag cagtgg 36 52 33 DNA Artificial 5′ primer that incorporates an NheI site into the codon for amino acid 406 of the glucocorticoid receptor 52 atatgctagc tccagctcct caacagcaac aac 33 53 30 DNA Artificial 3′ oligo that incorporates an XhoI site at amino acid 500 of the glucocorticoid receptor 53 atatctcgag caattccttt tatttttttc 30 54 30 DNA Artificial 5′ oligo used to amplify amino acids 411-490 of the herpes simplex VP16 protein, incorporating flanking SpeI sites 54 attactagtt ctgcggcccc cccgaccgat 30 55 31 DNA Artificial 3′ oligo used to amplify amino acids 411-490 of the herpes simplex VP16 protein, incorporating flanking SpeI sites 55 aattactagt cccaccgtac tcgtcaattc c 31 56 32 DNA Artificial 5′ degenerate oligo used to isolate ecdysone ligand binding domains from other lepidopteran species 56 attgctcgag aaagnccnga gwgcktngtn cc 32 57 32 DNA Artificial 5′ degenerate oligo used to isolate ecdysone ligand binding domains from other lepidopteran species 57 attgctcgag aacgnccnga gwgtstngtn cc 32 58 33 DNA Artificial 3′ degenerate oligo used to isolate ecdysone ligand binding domains from other lepidopteran species 58 ttactcgagn acgwcccana tctctycnag gaa 33 59 33 DNA Artificial 3′ degenerate oligo used to isolate ecdysone ligand binding domains from other lepidopteran species 59 ttactcgagn acgwcccana tctcctynaa gaa 33 

1. DNA comprising the sequence shown in Seq ID No.
 2. 2. DNA comprising the sequence shown in Seq ID No.
 3. 3. DNA comprising the sequence shown in Seq ID No.
 4. 4. DNA comprising a sequence which shows 60% or more homology with the sequence shown in Seq ID No 1, 2 or
 3. 5. DNA according to claim 4 wherein said homology is in the range of 65% to 99%.
 6. DNA which hybridises to the sequence shown in Seq. ID No. 2, 3 or 4, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor.
 7. DNA which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code to the DNA of any one of claims 1 to 6 and which codes for a polypeptide which is at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor.
 8. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 2, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor ligand binding domain.
 9. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 3, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor ligand binding domain.
 10. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor ligand binding domain.
 11. DNA comprising a sequence which shows 60% or more homology with the sequence of claim 8, 9 or
 10. 12. DNA according to claim 11 wherein said homology is in the range of 65% to 99%.
 13. DNA which hybridises to the DNA of any one of claims 8 to 12 and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor ligand binding domain.
 14. DNA which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code to the DNA of any one of claims 8 to 12 and which codes for a polypeptide which is at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor ligand binding domain.
 15. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 2, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor DNA binding domain.
 16. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 3, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor DNA binding domain.
 17. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor DNA binding domain.
 18. DNA comprising a sequence which shows 60% or more homology with the sequence of claim 15, 16 or
 17. 19. DNA according to claim 18 wherein said homology is in the range of 65% to 99%.
 20. DNA which hybridises to the DNA of any one of claims 15 to 19 and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor DNA binding domain.
 21. DNA which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code to the DNA of any one of claims 15 to 19 and which codes for a polypeptide which is at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor DNA binding domain.
 22. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 2, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor transactivation domain.
 23. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 3, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor transactivation domain.
 24. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor transactivation domain.
 25. DNA comprising a sequence which shows 60% or more homology with the sequence of claim 22, 23 or
 24. 26. DNA according to claim 25 wherein said homology is in the range of 65% to 99%.
 27. DNA which hybridises to the DNA of any one of claims 22 to 26 and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor transactivation domain.
 28. DNA which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code to the DNA of any one of claims 22 to 26 and which codes for a polypeptide which is at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor transactivation domain.
 29. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 2, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor hinge domain.
 30. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 3, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor hinge domain.
 31. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor hinge domain.
 32. DNA comprising a sequence which shows 60% or more homology with the sequence of claim 29, 30 or
 31. 33. DNA according to claim 32 wherein said homology is in the range of 65% to 99%.
 34. DNA which hybridises to the DNA of any one of claims 29 to 33 and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor hinge domain.
 35. DNA which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code of the DNA of any one of claims 29 to 33 and which codes for a polypeptide which is at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor hinge domain.
 36. DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 2, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor carboxy terminal region.
 37. DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 3, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor carboxy terminal region.
 38. DNA having part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4, and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor carboxy terminal region.
 39. DNA comprising a sequence which shows 60% or more homology with the sequence of claim 36, 37 or
 38. 40. DNA according to claim 39 wherein said homology is in the range of 65% to 99%.
 41. DNA which hybridises to the DNA of any one of claims 36 to 40 and which codes for at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor carboxy terminal region.
 42. DNA which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code of the DNA of any one of claims 36 to 40 and which codes for a polypeptide which is at least part of the Heliothis ecdysone receptor carboxy terminal region.
 43. A polypeptide comprising the Heliothis ecdysone receptor or a fragment thereof, wherein said polypeptide is substantially free from other proteins with which it is ordinarily associated, and which is coded for by the DNA of any preceding claim.
 44. A polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4 or any allelic variant or derivative thereof.
 45. A polypeptide comprising part of the amino acid sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4 or any allelic variant or derivative thereof, which sequence provides the Heliothis ecdysone receptor ligand binding domain.
 46. A polypeptide comprising part of the amino acid sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4 or any allelic variant or derivative thereof, which sequence provides the Heliothis ecdysone receptor DNA binding domain.
 47. A polypeptide comprising part of the amino acid sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4 or any allelic variant or derivative thereof, which sequence provides the Heliothis ecdysone receptor transactivation domain.
 48. A polypeptide comprising part of the amino acid sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4 or any allelic variant or derivative thereof, which sequence provides the Heliothis ecdysone receptor hinge domain.
 49. A polypeptide comprising part of the amino acid sequence shown in Seq ID No. 4 or any allelic variant or derivative thereof, which sequence provides the Heliothis ecdysone receptor carboxy terminal region.
 50. A polypeptide according to any one of claims 44 to 49 wherein said derivative is a homologous variant which includes conservative amino acid changes.
 51. DNA comprising the sequence shown in Seq ID No.
 6. 52. DNA comprising a sequence which shows 60% or more homology with the sequence shown in Seq ID No.
 6. 53. DNA according to claim 52 wherein said homology is in the range of 65% to 99%.
 54. DNA which hybridises to the DNA sequence shown in Seq ID No. 6 and which codes for at least part of Spodoptera ecdysone receptor.
 55. DNA which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code to the DNA of any one of claims 51 to
 54. 56. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq ID No. 6, and which codes for at least part of the Spodoptera ecdysone receptor ligand binding domain.
 57. DNA comprising a sequence which shows 60% or more homology with the sequence of claim
 56. 58. DNA according to claim 57 wherein said homology is in the range of 65% to 99%.
 59. DNA which hybridises to the DNA of any one of claims 56 to 58 and which codes for at least part of the Spodoptera ecdysone receptor ligand binding domain.
 60. DNA which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code to the DNA of any one of claims 56 to 58 and which codes for at least part of the Spodoptera ecdysone receptor ligand binding domain.
 61. DNA comprising part of the sequence shown in Seq D No. 6, and which codes for at least part of the Spodoptera ecdysone receptor hinge domain.
 62. DNA comprising a sequence which shows 60% or more homology with the sequence of claim
 61. 63. DNA according to claim 62 wherein said homology is in the range of 65% to 99%.
 64. DNA which hybridises to the DNA of any one of claims 61 to 63 and which codes for at least part of the Spodoptera ecdysone receptor hinge domain.
 65. DNA which is degenerate as a result of the genetic code to the DNA of any one of claims 61 to 63 and which codes for at least part of the Spodoptera ecdysone receptor hinge domain.
 66. A polypeptide coded for by the DNA of any one of claims 51 to
 65. 67. A fusion polypeptide comprising the polypeptide of claim 45 or 50 (when dependent upon claim 45) and functionally lied to a DNA binding domain and a transactivation domain.
 68. Recombinant DNA comprising the DNA of any one of claim 8 to 14 functionally linked to DNA encoding a DNA binding domain and a transactivation domain.
 69. A fusion polypeptide according to claim 67 or recombinant DNA according to claim 68 wherein the DNA binding domain and/or transactivation domain is fungal, bacterial, plant or mammalian.
 70. A fusion polypeptide or recombinant DNA according to claim 69 wherein the DNA binding domain is GAL4 or AICR/A.
 71. A fusion polypeptide or recombinant DNA according to claim 69 or 70 wherein the transactivation domain is VP16.
 72. A fusion polypeptide or recombinant DNA according to claim 69 wherein the DNA binding domain and/or transactivation domain is from a steroid receptor superfamily member.
 73. A fusion polypeptide or recombinant DNA according to claim 72 wherein the DNA binding domain and/or transactivation domain is from a glucocorticoid or a Spodoptera ecdysone receptor.
 74. A recombinant DNA construct comprising recombinant DNA of any one of claims 68 to 73; and DNA which codes for a gene operably linked to a promoter sequence and a hormone response element, which is responsive to the DNA binding domain coded for by said recombinant DNA.
 75. A fusion polypeptide comprising the polypeptide of claim 46 or SO (when dependent upon claim 46) and functionally linked to a ligand binding domain and a transactivation domain.
 76. Recombinant DNA comprising the DNA of any of claims 15 to 21 functionally linked to DNA encoding a ligand binding domain and a transactivation domain.
 77. A fusion polypeptide according to claim 75 or recombinant DNA according to claim 76 wherein the ligand binding domain and/or transactivation domain is fungal, bacterial, plant or mammalian.
 78. A fusion polypeptide or recombinant DNA according to claim 77 wherein the transactivation domain is VP16.
 79. A fusion polypeptide or recombinant DNA according to claim 77 wherein the ligand binding domain and/or transactivation domain is from a steroid receptor superfamily member.
 80. A fusion polypeptide or recombinant DNA according to claim 79 wherein the ligand binding domain and/or transactivation domain is from a glucocorticoid or Spodoptera ecdysone receptor.
 81. A recombinant DNA construct comprising recombinant DNA of any one of claims 76 to 80; and DNA which codes for a gene operably linked to a promoter sequence and a hormone response element, which is responsive to the DNA binding domain coded for by said recombinant DNA.
 82. A fusion polypeptide comprising the polypeptide of claim 47 or 50 (when dependent upon claim 47) and functionally linked to a ligand binding domain and a DNA binding domain.
 83. Recombinant DNA comprising the DNA of any one of claims 22 to 28 functionally linked to DNA encoding a ligand binding domain and a DNA binding domain.
 84. A fusion polypeptide according to claim 82 or recombinant DNA according to claim 83 wherein the ligand binding domain and/or DNA binding domain is fungal, bacterial, plant or mammalian.
 85. A fusion polypeptide or recombinant DNA according to claim 84 wherein the DNA binding domain is GAL4 or AICR/A.
 86. A fusion polypeptide or recombinant DNA according to claim 84 wherein the ligand binding domain and/or DNA binding domain is from a steroid receptor superfamily member.
 87. A fusion polypeptide or recombinant DNA according to claim 86 wherein the ligand binding domain and/or DNA binding domain is from a glucocorticoid or Spodoptera ecdysone receptor.
 88. A recombinant DNA construct comprising recombinant DNA of any one of claims 82 to 87; and DNA which codes for a gene operably linked to a promoter sequence and a hormone response element, which is responsive to the DNA binding domain coded for by said recombinant DNA.
 89. A recombinant DNA construct comprising DNA according to any one of claims 1 to 7; and DNA comprising a sequence which codes for a gene operably linked to a promoter sequence and at least one hormone response element which is responsive to the DNA binding domain coded for by said DNA of any one of claim 1 to
 7. 90. A recombinant DNA construct according to any one of claims 74, 81, 88 and 89 wherein said promoter sequence codes for a constitutive, spatially or temporally regulating promoter.
 91. A recombinant DNA construct according to any one of claims 74, 81, 88 and 89 wherein there is more than one copy of the hormone response element.
 92. A cell transformed with the DNA of any one of claims 1 to 42, and 51 to 65; the polypeptide of any one of claims 43 to 50; the fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 67, 70 to 73, 75, 77 to 80, 82 and 84 to 87; the recombinant nucleic acid of any one of claims 68 to 73, 76 to 80 and 85 to 87; or the recombinant DNA construct of any one of claims 74, 81, 88 and
 89. 93. A cell according to claim 92 wherein said cell is a plant, fungal or mammalian cell.
 94. A plant, fungus or mammal comprising the recombinant DNA construct of any one of claims 74, 81, 88 and
 89. 95. A method of selecting compounds capable of being bound to an insect steroid receptor superfamily member comprising screening compounds for binding to said polypeptide of any one of claims 43 to 50 or the fusion polypeptide of any one of claims 67, 70 to 73, 75, 77 to 80, 82 and 84 to 87, and selecting said compounds exhibiting said binding.
 96. A compound selected using the method of claim
 95. 97. An agricultural or pharmaceutical composition comprising the compound of claim
 96. 98. Use of the compound of claim 96 as an agrochemical or a pharmaceutical.
 99. A method of producing a protein, peptide or polypeptide comprising introducing into the cell of claim 92, a compound which binds to the ligand binding domain in said cell. 